Henry VII
1308-13
Arnulf
896-99
House of Habsburg
Louis III
901-5
Frederick (III)
1314-26
House of Franconia
House of Wittelsbach
Conrad 1
911-18
Louis IV
1314-46
Carolingian dynasty
House of Luxembourg
Berengar
915-24
Charles IV
1346-78
House of Saxony (Liudolfings)
Wenceslas
1378-1400
Henry 1
919-36
House of Wittelsbach
Otto 1
936-73
Rupert
1400-10
Otto II
973-83
House of Luxembourg
Otto III
983-1002
Jobst
1410-11
Henry II
1002-24
Sigismund
1410-37
Salian dynasty
House of Habsburg
Conrad II
1024-39
Albert II
1438-39
Henry III
1039-56
Frederick III
1440-93
Henry IV
1056-1105/6
Maximilian 1
1493-1519
Rival claimants
Charles V
1519-56
Rudolf
1077-80
Ferdinand 1
1556-64
Hermann
1081-93
Maximilian II
1564-76
Conrad
1093-1101
Rudolf II
1576-1612
Henry V 1
05/6-25
Matthias
1612-19
House of Supplinburg
Ferdinand II
1619-37
Lothair II
1125-37
Ferdinand III
1637-57
House of Hohenstaufen
Leopold 1
1658-1705
Conrad III
1138-52
Joseph 1
1705-11
Frederick 1 (Barbarossa
1152-90
Charles VI
1711-40
Henry VI
1190-97
House of Wittelsbach
Philip
1198-1208
Charles VII
1742-45
Welf dynasty
House of Habsburg
Otto IV
1198-1215
Francis 1
1745-65
House of Hohenstaufen
Joseph II
1765-90
Frederick II
1215-50
Leopold II
1790-92
Rival claimants
Francis II
1792-1806
Henry (VII)
1220-35
Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost or Paraclete In Christianity, the third person of the Holy Trinity. Though references to the spirit of Yahweh (God) abound in the Old Testament, Christian teaching about the Holy Spirit is derived mainly from the Gospels. The Holy Spirit descended on Jesus at his baptism, and outpourings of the Spirit are mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, in which healing, prophecy, exorcism, and speaking in tongues are associated with its activity. The Holy Spirit also came to the disciples during Pentecost. The definition of the Holy Spirit as a divine person equal in substance to the Father and the Son was made at the Council of Constantinople (ad 381).
Holy Synod Ysi-nad\ Ecclesiastical governing body created by Tsar Peter I in 1721 to head the Russian Orthodox Church, replacing the patri¬ archate of Moscow. Peter created the Synod, made up of representatives of the hierarchy obedient to his will, to subject the church to the state, and appointed a secular official, the chief procurator, to supervise its activi¬ ties. The Synod persecuted all dissenters and censored publications, and Peter disposed of church property and revenues for state purposes at his own discretion. In 1917 a church council reestablished the patriarchate, but the new Soviet government soon nationalized all church-held lands.
holy war Any war fought by divine command or for a primarily reli¬ gious purpose. The concept is found in the Bible (e.g., the Book of Joshua)
and has played a role in many religions. The Crusades are Europe’s best- known example. In Islam, the concept is called jihad. Wars in which reli¬ gion plays a secondary or exacerbating role are not generally called holy wars.
Holyfield, Evander (b. Oct. 19, 1962, Atmore, Ala., U.S.) U.S. boxer. Holyfield is the only boxer to win a version of the heavyweight cham¬ pionship four separate times (Muhammad Au won the heavyweight cham¬ pionship three times). Holyfield’s first title win was against James “Buster” Douglas in 1990 and he won the unified title at that time. He lost the title to Riddick Bowe in 1992, recaptured it in 1993, and lost it to Michael Moorer in 1994. When he fought Mike Tyson in 1996, he regained only the WBA (World Boxing Association) portion of the title. In 1997 he won the IBF (International Boxing Federation) heavyweight title from Moorer. In Holyfield’s title defense against Tyson in 1997, Tyson was disqualified for biting Holyfield’s ear. Holyfield lost the IBF and WBA titles to the WBC (World Boxing Council) heavyweight cham¬ pion Lennox Lewis in 1999, but Lewis later was stripped of the WBA por¬ tion of his title, and when Holyfield beat John Ruiz in the subsequent WBA title bout in 2000, he became the first man to win a championship in the heavyweight division for the fourth time.
Holzer Vholt-sarX, Jenny (b. July 29, 1950, Gallipolis, Ohio, U.S.) U.S. conceptual artist. She studied at Duke University, the University of Chi¬ cago, and the Rhode Island School of Design. In the late 1970s she became involved with conceptual art and with artists known for their “word art,” which involved the display of words and text instead of visual images. In the late 1970s she began to display her “truisms,” slogans and brief confrontational statements, usually containing political or social critique, that she printed on posters and flyers and posted throughout Manhattan. In the 1980s and ’90s she displayed her messages on LED (light-emitting diode) signs, the medium with which she is most associated, in venues such as Times Square. Like most of her oeuvre, these works were meant to confront the viewer and elicit debate or discussion.
Home, Alec Douglas- See Sir Alec Douglas-Home home page See Web site
Home Rule, Irish Movement to secure internal autonomy for Ireland within the British Empire. The slogan “Home Rule” was popularized in 1870 when the Home Government Association (later the Home Rule League) called for an Irish parliament. It was led from 1878 by Charles Stewart Parnell, whose obstructionist tactics in the British Parliament pub¬ licized his country’s grievances. The Home Rule bills introduced by Prime Minister William E. Gladstone in 1885 and 1893 were defeated. A third bill became law in 1914 but was militantly opposed by Ulster unionists and republicans in Ireland. A system akin to home rule was established in the six counties of Ulster (Northern Ireland) in 1920. In 1921 the remaining 26 counties in the south achieved dominion status, but the link with the British Commonwealth was severed in 1949.
Homel See Homyel
homeopathy V.ho-me-'a-po-theV System of therapeutics founded in 1796 by Samuel Hahnemann on the principle that “like cures like.” That is, substances that in healthy persons would produce the symptoms from which the patient suffers are used to treat the patient. Hahnemann further stated that the potency of a curative agent increases as the substance is diluted. When it was introduced, homeopathy was a mild, welcome alter¬ native to heavy-handed therapies such as bleeding, but it has since been criticized for focusing on symptoms rather than causes. With the rise of alternative medicine, it has seen a resurgence.
homeostasis X.ho-me-o-'sta-sosX Any self-regulating process by which a biological or mechanical system maintains stability while adjusting to changing conditions. Systems in dynamic equilibrium reach a balance in which internal change continuously compensates for external change in a feedback control process to keep conditions relatively uniform. An example is temperature regulation—mechanically in a room by a thermo¬ stat or biologically in the body by a complex system controlled by the hypothalamus, which adjusts breathing and metabolic rates, blood-vessel dilation, and blood-sugar level in response to changes caused by factors including ambient temperature, hormones, and disease.
Homer (fl. 9th or 8th century bc, Ionia?) Greek poet, one of the great¬ est and most influential writers of all time. Though almost nothing is known of his life, tradition holds that he was blind. The ancient Greeks