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CHINA
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San
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ShekWuHui Mai Po*
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1114° io 1
Yim Tso Ha . Egret S^nctUaty
PING ISLAND
Mirs Bay
Kwai Tau UfngJ 1 DOUBLE ISLAND A 1,594 ft. O 22° 30'
Castle Peak Monastery
Tai Mo Shan /
.139 ft. *
NEW TERRITORIES, TsuenWan Sha Tin* ’
, Kwai Chung Kowlc
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New Kowloon
k Tuen Mun
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SOUTH CHINA
SEA LANTAU
ISIAN D/Discovery Bay Trappist*
Po Lin Monastery • •
Monastery. Tung -^Wo v
CHEUNG SOKO ISLAND ISLANDS
TAP MUNG ISLAND
Shek UK Shan 1,578 ft. Sharp
/ TaiLang Wan
^jHigh Island ~ fS-Reservoir
Aberdeen ,
LAMMA ISLAND
TUNG LUNG ISLAND
ISLAND GROUP
SOUTH CHINA SEA
D 2002 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Hongwu Vhur)-wu\ emperor or Hung-wu emperor orig. Zhu Yuanzhang (b. Oct. 21, 1328,
Haozhou, China—d. June 24, 1398) Founder of China’s Ming dynasty. A poor peasant orphaned at 16, he entered a monastery to avoid starvation. Later, as a rebel leader, he came in contact with educated gentry from whom he received an education and political guidance. He was advised to present himself not as a popular rebel but as a national leader against the foreign
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
892 I Hongze Lake ► Hooker
Mongols whose Yuan dynasty was on the point of collapse. Defeating rival national leaders, Zhu proclaimed himself emperor in 1368, establishing his capital at Nanjing and adopting Hongwu as his reign title. He drove the last Yuan emperor from China that year and reunified the country by 1382. His rule was despotic: he eliminated the posts of prime minister and central chancellor and had the next level of administration report directly to him. He prohibited eunuchs from participating in government and appointed civilian officials to control military affairs.
Hongze Lake Chinese Hongze Hu or Hung-tse Hu
Vhuq-'dzo-'htiN Lake, eastern China. Located in the Huai River valley between Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, it was smaller in the 7th-10th cen¬ turies ad than its present surface area of 757 sq mi (1,960 sq km). In the 11th century, canals were constructed to make it part of a canal system between Kaifeng and Zhuzhou, joining the lake to the Huai. In 1194 the Huang He (Yellow River) changed course, forcing the waters of the Huai into the lake, which then grew to its present size. In the 19th century, flooding in the area was severe, and in the 1930s a new channel (improved in the 1950s) was dug from the lake’s eastern shore directly to the sea.
Honiara \ l h6-ne- , ar-o\ Town (pop., 1999 est.: 49,107), capital of the Solomon Islands, South Pacific Ocean. Situated at the mouth of the Matan- iko River on the north coast of Guadalcanal, Honiara is a port and com¬ munications centre which trades chiefly in coconuts, timber, fish, and some gold. It developed during World War II around the site of a U.S. military headquarters and became the capital in 1952.
Honnecourt, Villard de See Villard de Honnecourt
Honolulu City (pop., 2000: 371,657), capital, and principal port of Hawaii, U.S. Located on Oahu island, it is the crossroads of trans-Pacific shipping and air routes, the focus of interisland services, and the com¬ mercial and industrial centre of the state. Its area of 597 sq mi (1,545 sq km) includes some outlying islets, which constitute the Hawaiian and Pacific Islands National Wildlife Refuge. Honolulu has about 80% of the state’s population. The area was settled from c. 1100, according to Hawai¬ ian legends. During the 19th century Honolulu flourished as a trade cen¬ tre, especially for whalers. In 1898 it passed with the rest of Hawaii to U.S. control. In December 1941 the city and adjacent Pearl Harbor were bombed by the Japanese. It became a prime staging area for the rest of World War II and later for the Korean and Vietnam wars. The military remains an important source of income. The port serves numerous manu¬ facturing plants. Nearby Waikiki Beach is a prime tourist site.
Honorius \ho-'nor-e-os\ III orig. Cencio Savelli (b. Rome—d. March 18, 1227, Rome) Pope (1216-27). He extended Innocent Ill’s policies on church reform and the recovery of the Holy Land, proclaiming a Crusade to regain Jerusalem in 1216 (see Crusades). He crowned Frederick II as Holy Roman emperor (1220) but threatened to excommunicate him if he failed to join the Crusade. Honorius also undertook a Crusade against the Moors in Spain (1218) and settled the Barons’ War in England (1223). He con¬ tinued the Albigensian Crusade against the heretics of southern France. He approved the Dominican, Franciscan, and Carmelite orders and authorized the first official book of canon law.
Honour, Legion of See Legion of Honour
Honshu \'h6n-,shu\ Island (pop., 2001 est.: 102,681,000), Japan. The largest of the four main islands of Japan, its coastline extends 6,266 mi (10,084 km); it has an area of 87,992 sq mi (227,898 sq km). It is regarded as the Japanese mainland, and much of the country’s early history took place in its southwestern region. Honshu’s Pacific coast is the country’s main economic centre, lined with the metropolitan areas of Tokyo- Yokohama, Nagoya, and Osaka-Kobe. Honshu contains Japan’s tallest mountain, Mount Fuji, and its largest lake, Lake Biwa.
Hontan, Baron de La See Baron de La Hontan
Honthorst Vh6nt-,h6rst\, Gerrit van known as Gherardo delle Notti (Italian: "Gerard of the Night Scenes") (b. Nov. 4,1590, Utrecht, Neth.—d. April 27, 1656, Utrecht) Dutch painter. During 10 years in Italy (c. 1610-20) he enjoyed the patronage of the nobility and assimilated the Baroque style of Caravaggio. The dramatic effects of arti¬ ficial light in his early paintings, as in such nocturnal scenes as Supper Party (1620), earned him his nickname. He was court painter at The Hague from 1637 to 1652. Some of Rembrandt’s early works were inspired by his use of chiaroscuro. With Hendrik Terbrugghen, he was a leader of the Utrecht school.
Hooch Vhok\, Pieter de or Pieter de Hoogh \'hok\ (baptized Dec. 20, 1629, Rotterdam, Neth.—d. c. 1684, Amsterdam?) Dutch genre painter. He trained in Haarlem and was a member of the painters’ guild of Delft (1655-57). In style and subject matter, his work is similar to that of Johannes Vermeer; he was noted for his small interiors and sunny out¬ door scenes, with figures engaged in humble, domestic activities in set¬ tings of serene simplicity. In his best works, he was concerned with the effect of enclosures on light intensity, tonal variations, and linear perspec¬ tive. After he moved to Amsterdam (c. 1661), his paintings increased in quantity but declined in quality. He died in a mental institution.
Hood, Mount Peak, northwestern Oregon, U.S. Located in the Cascade Range at 11,235 ft (3,424 m), it is an extinct volcano that last erupted c. 1865. The snowcapped peak, the highest mountain in the state, is the focal point of Mount Hood National Forest, a popular tourist and recreation area.
Hood, Raymond M(athewson) (b. March 29, 1881, Pawtucket, R.I., U.S.—d. Aug. 14, 1934, Stamford, Conn.) U.S. architect. He stud¬ ied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge and the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He and John Mead Howells (1868-1959) won first prize in the 1922 Chicago Tribune Building competition; their design would be one of their many Neo-Gothic skyscrapers influenced by Cass Gilbert’s Woolworth Building. Later he turned away from the revival of past styles; his Daily News (1930; with Howells) and McGraw-Hill (1930-31; with J.A. Fouilhoux) buildings, both in New York City, have cleaner lines, foreshadowing the Rockefeller Center complex (1929^10), which Hood and Fouilhoux went on to design with a team of architects.