Horney \'hor- I ni\, Karen orig. Karen Danielsen (b. Sept. 16, 1885, Blankenese, near Hamburg, Ger.—d. Dec. 4, 1952, New York, N.Y., U.S.) German-U.S. psychoanalyst. After receiving her M.D. degree, she underwent psychoanalytic training with Karl Abraham, and from 1920 to 1932 she conducted a private practice while also teaching at the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute. Settling in New York City in 1934, she began teaching at the New School for Social Research. She departed from some of Sigmund Freud’s basic principles, rejecting his concept of penis envy and emphasizing the need to help patients identify and cope with the spe¬ cific causes of current anxieties rather than focus on childhood traumas and fantasies. Expelled from the New York Psychoanalytic Institute in 1941, she organized a new group, the Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis. Her works include The Neurotic Personality of Out- Time (1937) and New Ways in Psychoanalysis (1939).
Horne \'horn\ Islands or Futuna \fu-'tii-na\ Islands Island group (pop., 2003 prelim.: 4,873), west- central South Pacific Ocean. Lying northeast of Fiji, the islands, Futuna and Alofi, form the southwestern part of the French overseas territory of Wallis and Futuna. Their combined land area is 36 sq mi (93 sq km).
Futuna is the site of Mount Singavi,
2,493 ft (760 m) high. The islands became a French protectorate in 1888 and part of the overseas terri¬ tory in 1961. Both have abundant water supplies, and Alofi is heavily wooded. The main villages are on the southern coast of Futuna. Alofi is uninhabited.
horned owl Any owl of the genus Bubo (family Strigidae), with horn¬ like tufts of feathers, especially the great horned owl. Other horned owls, all birds of prey, are found in Europe, Asia, and northern Africa (the eagle owl, or Eurasian eagle owl) and in
Great horned owl (Bubo virginianus).
E.R. DEGGINGER/VAN CLEVE PHOTOGRAPHY
Hornsby, Rogers (b. April 27, 1896, Winters, Texas, U.S.—d. Jan. 5, 1963, Chicago, Ill.) U.S. baseball player. Playing second base for the St. Louis Cardinals (1915-26),
Hornsby led the National League in batting for six consecutive seasons,
1920-25. In 1928, with the Boston Braves, he again led the league. For five years, 1921-25, he averaged .401, hitting over .400 in three of those seasons. His 1924 average of .424 is the highest attained in the major leagues in the 20th century. In 1926, as the Cardinals’ playing man¬ ager, he led the team to a World Series victory over the New York Yankees. He later managed the Bos¬ ton (1928), Chicago (1930-32), and Cincinnati (1952-53) teams in the National League and the St. Louis Browns (1933-37, 1952) in the American League. His career batting average of .358 is second only to Ty Cobb’s .367.
Hornsby, 1926
UPI COMPIX
horn wort Any member of four to six genera of creeping annual or perennial plants of the class Anthocerotopsida. Hornworts usually grow on damp soils or on rocks in tropical and warm temperate regions. The gametophyte typically is a flattened structure covered with small irregular lobes; the sporophyte forms a tapered cylinder (see alternation of genera¬ tions). Rhizoids (rootlike structures) on the undersurface anchor the plant. Cavities in the gametophyte sometimes contain colonies of the cyanobac¬ terium Nostoc (see cyanobacteria, nostoc). Hornworts have a region of continuous growth at the base of the sporophyte, and a large, irregular foot. The stalk that attaches the foot to the spore-bearing capsule in liv¬ erworts is absent in hornworts.
horoscope Astrological chart showing the positions of the sun, moon, and planets in relation to the signs of the zodiac at a specific time. It is used to analyze the character of individuals bom at that time, providing information about the current state of their life and predicting their future. Basic to a horoscope is the belief that each heavenly body has its own character, which is modified according to its relation to other celestial bodies at a given moment. To cast a horoscope, the heavens are divided into 12 zones called houses; these influence such aspects of human life as health, wealth, marriage, friendships, or death. See also astrology.
Horowitz, Vladimir (b. Oct. 1, 1903, Berdichev, Russia—d. Nov. 5, 1989, New York, N.Y., U.S.) Russian pianist. He attended the Kiev Con-
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
horror story ► horseshoe pitching I 897
servatory and made his debut in 1921. His stunning technique gained him a large international reputation, and he became an inveterate touring per¬ former, giving 100 concerts a year in the U.S. alone. In 1933 he married Arturo Toscanini’s daughter, Wanda. Always susceptible to nervous strain, in 1953 he decided to quit public performance; his return to the concert stage in 1965 was attended by great publicity. He favoured the works of Romantics such as Robert Schumann, Frederic Chopin, Franz Liszt, and his friend Sergey Rachmaninoff. He continued to perform into his 80s.
horror story Story intended to elicit a strong feeling of fear. Such tales are of ancient origin and form a substantial part of folk literature. They may feature supernatural elements such as ghosts, witches, or vampires or address more realistic psychological fears. In Western literature, the lit¬ erary cultivation of fear and curiosity for its own sake emerged in the 18th century with the gothic novel. Classic practitioners of the horror and gothic genres include Horace Walpole, Mary Shelley, E.T.A. Hoffmann, Edgar Allan Poe, Sheridan Le Fanu (1814-73), Wilkie Collins, Bram Stoker, Ambrose Bierce, and Stephen King.
horse Equine species (Equus caballus ) long used by humans as a means of transport and as a draft animal. Its earliest ancestor was the dawn horse (see Eohippus). The only living horse not descended from the domestic horse is Przewalski's horse. The horse was apparently first domesticated by nomadic peoples of Central Asia in the 3rd millennium bc. For many cen¬ turies horses were primarily used in warfare. The saddle was introduced in China in the first centuries ad. Horses were reintroduced to the New World, after wild horses had become extinct there some 10,000 years ear¬ lier, by the Spanish in the 16th century. A mature male is called a stallion or, if used for breeding, a stud; mature females are called mares. A cas¬ trated stallion is called a gelding. Young horses (foals) are also known as colts (males) and fillies (females). A horse’s height is measured in 4-in. (10.2-cm) units, or hands, from the highest point of the back (withers) to the ground. Breeds are classified by size and build: draft (heavy) horses (e.g., Belgian, Percheron) are heavy-limbed and up to 20 hands high; ponies (e.g., Shetland, Iceland) are less than 14.2 hands high; and light horses (e.g., Arabian, Thoroughbred) are intermediate, rarely taller than 17 hands.
the mid-18th century as well, as gambling came to be a standard part of horse racing. Pari-mutuel betting was instituted in the 20th century. Thor¬ oughbred racing, conducted on a flat, elliptical, mile-long track, attracts the largest purses, followed by harness racing and quarter-horse racing. The most important U.S. Thoroughbred races are the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, and Belmont Stakes. See also steeplechase.
horsefly Any member of the dipteran genus Tabanus or, more generally, of the family Tabanidae. These stout flies range from as small as a house¬ fly to as large as a bumblebee. Sometimes called greenheaded monsters, horseflies have metallic or iridescent eyes. Adults are fast, strong fliers usually found around streams, marshes, and wooded areas. They may carry animal diseases, including anthrax, tularemia, and trypanosomiasis. The bites of the bloodsucking females can be painful, and a swarm may suck more than 3 oz (about 90 ml) of blood a day from an animal. Males feed on nectar, honeydew, and plant sap. Horseflies of the genus Chrysops, usually called deerflies, are smaller and have dark markings on the wings.