Hudson, Henry (b. c. 1565, England—d. after June 22, 1611, in or near Hudson Bay?) English navigator and explorer. Sailing for the Mus¬ covy Company of London in search of the Northeast Passage to the Far East, he was blocked by ice fields. In 1609 he set out in the Half Moon to find a similar passage for the Dutch East India Company, but, when stopped by storms, he instead sought the Northwest Passage, which he had recently heard about from other explorers, and cruised along the Atlantic coast and up the Hudson River. In 1610 he set out again for America, this time on behalf of the Muscovy Company and the English
East India Company, and discovered Hudson Bay. Finding no outlet to the Pacific and in the close confinement of an Arctic winter, Hudson’s crew fell to quarreling, and on the homeward voyage they mutinied and set Hudson adrift in a small boat, never to be found. His discoveries formed the basis for Dutch colonization of the Hudson River and for English claims to much of Canada.
Hudson, Rock orig. Roy Harold Scherer, Jr. (b. Nov. 17, 1925, Winnetka, Ill., U.S.—d. Oct. 2, 1985, Beverly Hills, Calif.) U.S. film actor. He worked at odd jobs before making his film debut in Fighter Squadron (1948). His manly, wholesome good looks made him a popu¬ lar star in Douglas Sirk melodramas such as Magnificent Obsession (1954) and All That Heaven Allows (1955), and he displayed a flair for comedy in a series of films with Doris Day, including Pillow Talk (1959), Come September (1961), and Send Me No Flowers (1964). He later starred in the television series McMillan and Wife (1971-77). His death from AIDS greatly increased awareness of the disease.
Hudson Bay Inland sea, indenting east-central Canada. With an area of 480,000 sq mi (1,243,000 sq km), it is bounded by Nunavut, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. It is connected with the Atlantic Ocean via the Hud¬ son Strait and with the Arctic Ocean via the Foxe Channel. Named for Henry Hudson, who navigated its eastern coast in 1610, the bay and the surrounding area, known as Rupert's Land, were controlled by the Hud¬ son's Bay Company (1821-69). Hudson Bay is shallow, with an average depth of 330 ft (100 m); the coast is mainly a marshy lowland. The islands it contains are administratively part of Nunavut. For conservation pur¬ poses, the Canadian government has designated the whole Hudson Bay basin a “mare clausum” (closed sea).
Hudson River River, New York, U.S. Originating in the Adirondack Mountains and flowing for about 315 mi (507 km) to New York City, it was named for Henry Hudson, who explored it in 1609. Dutch settlement of the Hudson valley began in 1629. The river became a strategic water¬ way during the American Revolution and was the scene of many battles. Linked by canals with the Great Lakes and with the Delaware River and lower St. Lawrence River valleys, the Hudson is now a major commercial route; its southern end forms the New York-New Jersey boundary.
Hudson River school U.S. landscape painters of several generations, active c. 1825-70. The first of them were inspired by the natural beauty of New York’s Hudson River valley and Catskill Mountains. The leading figures were Thomas Cole, Asher B. Durand, and Thomas Doughty (1793— 1856). Others, such as Frederic Edwin Church and George Inness, had stud¬ ied in Europe and found inspiration in the grandiose landscapes of J.M.W. Turner. By mid century they were widely admired for their depictions of a common theme, the splendour of the untamed U.S. landscape. The name Hudson River school, applied retrospectively, is extended to artists of the same vision who painted imposing scenes of the Rocky Mountains, Grand Canyon, and Yosemite Valley. The first native school of painting in the U.S., it remained the dominant school of landscape painting throughout the 19th century.
Hudson Strait Arm of the Atlantic Ocean between Baffin Island and northern Quebec, northeastern Canada. Linking Hudson Bay and Foxe Basin with the Labrador Sea, it is about 500 mi (800 km) long and 40-150 mi (65-240 km) wide. It is navigable only during late summer and early autumn, but icebreakers make the passage most of the year. Partly explored in 1578 by English navigator Martin Frobisher, it was fully navi¬ gated by Henry Hudson in 1610 and became a main route for the Hudson's Bay Company’s ships.
Hudson's Bay Co. Corporation prominent in Canadian economic and political history. It was incorporated in England (May 2, 1670) to seek the Northwest Passage to the Pacific, to occupy lands adjacent to Hudson Bay, and to carry on commerce. The lands granted to the company, known as Rupert's Land, extended from Labrador west to the Rocky Mountains and from the headwaters of the Red River on the southern Canadian border north to Chesterfield Inlet on Hudson Bay. The company first engaged in the fur trade and established trading posts around Hudson Bay. By 1783 competitors had formed the North West Co., and armed clashes contin¬ ued until the two companies merged in 1821. The company was given exclusive fur-trade rights until 1858, when the monopoly was not renewed and independent companies entered the fur trade. In 1870 the company sold its territories to the government in exchange for £300,000 and min¬ eral rights to lands around the posts and a fertile portion of western
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Canada. It remained a large fur-collecting and marketing agency until 1991, with extensive real-estate interests and many department stores.
Hue \hu-'a, 'wa\ City (pop., 1992 est.: 219,149), central Vietnam. The seat of the Chinese military authority in the kingdom of Nam Viet c. 200 bc, it passed to the Chams c. ad 200. In 1306 it was ceded to Dai Viet (Vietnam). It is the site of the imperial citadel, from which the Nguyen family reigned from the mid-16th to the mid-20th century. It was occu¬ pied by the Japanese (1940—45). It became the seat of a committee of noncommunist Vietnamese in April 1947 but lost this role in 1949, when the newly declared state of Vietnam chose Saigon (see Ho Chi Minh City) as its capital. Hue was largely destroyed during the 1968 Tet Offensive of the Vietnam War; it has since been rebuilt.
Huerta \'wer-ta\, Victoria no (b. Dec. 23, 1854, Colotlan, Mex.—d. Jan. 13, 1916, El Paso, Texas, U.S.) Mexican president (1913-14). Born of Indian parents, he rose through the ranks of the army to become a gen¬ eral during the rule of Porfirio Diaz. He overthrew Diaz’s successor, the liberal Francisco Madero, and established a repressive military dictator¬ ship. Constitutionalist forces united against him and gained the support of U.S. Pres. Woodrow Wilson, who sent troops to assist the rebels. Huerta was defeated in 1914 and fled to Spain; from there he moved to the U.S., where he was arrested for fomenting rebellion in Mexico and died in custody.
Hugenberg Vhii-gon-.berkV, Alfred (b. June 19, 1865, Hannover, Hannover—d. March 12, 1951, Kiikenbruch, W.Ger.) German industrial¬ ist and political leader. As chairman of the Krupp family’s industrial con¬ cern (1909—18), he built a huge newspaper and film empire and greatly influenced German public opinion during the Weimar Republic. As head of the conservative German National People's Party (from 1928), he contrib¬ uted to Adolf Hitler’s rise to power. In 1931 he formed an alliance of nationalist and conservative elements to topple the Weimar government; though his effort failed, large contributions from German industrialists aided the Nazi Party’s growth. In 1933 he briefly served in Hitler’s cabi¬ net, but his party was dissolved that same year.
Huggins, Charles B(renton) (b. Sept. 22, 1901, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Can.—d. Jan. 12, 1997, Chicago, Ill., U.S.) Canadian-born U.S. surgeon and urologist. He studied at the University of Chicago and sub¬ sequently taught there for several decades. He found that using estrogen to block male hormones could slow the growth of prostate cancer. He also showed that removing the ovaries and adrenal glands, which produce estrogen, could reverse tumour growth in some breast cancers. Drugs are now used to block estrogen production in such cases. He shared a 1966 Nobel Prize with Peyton Rous (1879-1970).