Hugo Award or Science Fiction Achievement Award Any of
several annual awards presented by the World Science Fiction Society (WSFS). The awards are granted for notable achievement in science fic¬ tion or science fantasy. Established in 1953, the Hugo Awards were named in honour of Hugo Gernsback, founder of Amazing Stories, the first maga¬ zine exclusively for science fiction.
Huguenots Vhyii-go-.natsV French Protestants of the 16th—17th century, many of whom suffered severe persecution for their faith. The first French Huguenot community was founded in 1546, and the confession of faith drawn up by the first synod in 1559 was influenced by the ideas of John Calvin. Their numbers increased rapidly and they became a political force, led by Gaspard II de Coligny. Conflicts with the Roman Catholic govern¬ ment and others, including the House of Guise, led to the Wars of Religion (1562-98). A Huguenot political party was formed in 1573 to fight for religious and civil liberties. The powerful anti-Huguenot Holy League was formed in 1576. Henry IV ended the civil wars by abjuring Protestantism in 1593 and converting to Catholicism, but in 1598 he promulgated the Edict of Nantes, granting rights to Protestants. Civil wars occurred again in the 1620s, the Huguenots lost their political power, and they contin¬ ued to be harassed and forcibly converted. In 1685 Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes; over the next several years, more than 400,000 French Protestants left France.
Huhehot See Hohhot
Hui \'hii-e\ Muslim people of western China. They number about nine million. Their ancestors were merchants, soldiers, craftsmen, and schol¬ ars who came to China from Islamic Persia and Central Asia from the 7th to the 13th century and intermarried with the Han Chinese and other local nationalities. Most are farmers and live in rural areas. They speak Chi¬ nese dialects and are distinguishable from their neighbours chiefly by their religion.
Huineng Vhwa-'norjX (b. 638, southwest Kwangtung, China—d. 713, Kwangtung) Chinese religious leader, sixth patriarch of Chan (Son, Zen) Buddhism. As a young and illiterate peddler of firewood, he heard the Diamond Sutra and traveled 500 m (800 km) to northern China to study with the fifth patriarch, Hongren. He returned home to Canton in 676 and was ordained a priest. He asserted that all people are basically pure and possess the Buddha-nature, and he held that, if one seeks one’s own nature
and cultivates tranquillity, enlightenment will come suddenly, without external help. He founded the southern school, which became the domi¬ nant school of Chan Buddhism.
Huitzilopochtli \,wet-se-lo-'pocht-le\ Aztec sun and war god. He was usually portrayed as a hummingbird or as a warrior with a helmet of feathers and a turquoise snake staff. His animal disguise was the eagle. His mother was an earth goddess, his brothers stars in the sky, and his sister a moon goddess. Some myths presented him as the divine leader of the tribe during the long migration that brought the Aztecs to the Val¬ ley of Mexico. The 15th month of the ceremonial year was dedicated to him, and human sacrifices were made in his honour, in keeping with the belief that he needed human blood and hearts as daily nourishment.
Huizinga \'hoei-ziq-a\, Johan (b. Dec. 7, 1872, Groningen, Neth.—d. Feb. 1, 1945, De Steeg) Dutch historian. He was professor of history at Groningen (1905-15) and then at Leiden until 1942, when he was held as a hostage by the Nazis; he remained under open arrest until his death. His first studies dealt with Indian literature and cultures, but he became internationally recognized for The Waning of the Middle Ages (1919), a lively examination of life in France and Holland in the 14th—15th centu¬ ries.
Huizong \'hwe-'dzuq\ or Hui-tsung or Song Huizong orig. Zhao Ji (b. 1082—d. 1135) Penultimate emperor of the Northern Song dynasty in China. A painter and calligrapher, Huizong preferred the arts to gov¬ ernment. He urged the painters in his academy to be extremely literal in their representations; his own paintings of birds and flowers are detailed, accurately coloured, and perfectly composed. While he constructed an extravagant new palace garden, political disputes went unresolved and his favourite eunuchs gained unprecedented power in the government. His alliance with the Juchen tribes of Manchuria against the Liao led to the Juchen invasion that overthrew the Northern Song.
Hukbalahap \'huk-ba-la-'hap\ Rebellion or Huk Rebellion
(1946-54) Peasant uprising in Luzon, Philippines. The rich Luzon plain was farmed by a large tenant-farmer population working on vast estates, a situation that led to periodic peasant revolts. The area became a focal point for communist organizers in the 1930s. One communist organiza¬ tion, the Hukbalahap (or Huks), was a successful anti-Japanese guerrilla group during World War II (1939—45). By the war’s end it had also seized most of the Luzon large estates, established a government, and was col¬ lecting taxes. When the Philippines became independent in 1946, the Huks began a rebellion after they were prevented from taking government seats to which they had been elected. They were successful for four years and in 1950 nearly seized Manila. Defeated by Philippine troops equipped with advanced U.S. weaponry and by the rise of the popular Ramon Mag- saysay, their leader, Luis Taruc, surrendered in 1954.
hula Sinuous Polynesian dance that combines undulating movement of the hips and mimetic hand gestures, often performed to chants and instru¬ ments such as the ukulele. Originally a religious dance performed to praise the chiefs, the hula now tells a story or describe a place and are danced exclusively by women. The typical costume is a raffia skirt and a lei worn around the neck.
Hull, Bobby in full Robert Martin Hull (b. Jan. 3, 1939, Point Anne, Ont., Can.) Canadian ice- hockey player. He played centre and left wing for the Chicago Black- hawks (1957-72) in the National Hockey League (NHL), where his booming slap shot and fast skating made him a dominant figure; he scored 50 or more goals in each of five seasons. Throughout his NHL career he scored 610 goals, 560 assists, and 1,170 points. He also played in the now-defunct World Hockey Association (1972-81).
Hull, Clark L(eonard) (b. May
24, 1884, Akron, N.Y., U.S.—d. May 10, 1952, New Haven, Conn.) U.S. psychologist. He taught at the Uni¬ versity of Wisconsin (1918-29) and
, 1802, Besan^on, France—d. May
Victor Hugo, photograph by Nadar (Gaspard-Felix Tournachon).
ARCHIVES PHOTOGRAPHIQUES
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Hull ► human sacrifice I 907
was a member of Yale University’s Institute of Human Relations (1929- 52). Hull engaged in three distinct research endeavours. His study of psy¬ chometrics culminated in Aptitude Testing (1929). His study of hypnosis resulted in Hypnosis and Suggestibility (1933). His major effort was reserved for an intensive study of learning that produced the dominant learning theory of the 1940s and ’50s—that learning was based on “habit strength.” His important Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote Learn¬ ing (1940) was followed by his highly influential Principles of Behavior (1943). Relying on the work of Edward L. Thorndike and John B. Watson, he attempted to develop a rigorous theory of learning that would account for all behaviours, human and animal. He and his followers produced many experiments and theoretical concepts, and their work dominated the experimental literature for more than two decades, but it eventually was replaced by a more cognitive psychology that provided a role for mental events.
Hull, Cordell (b. Oct. 2, 1871, Overton county, Tenn., U.S.—d. July 23, 1955, Bethesda, Md.) U.S. politician and diplomat. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1907-21, 1923-31), where he wrote the first income-tax bill (1913) and the inheritance-tax law (1916). He served briefly in the U.S. Senate (1931-33). As secretary of state under Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-44), he worked for international agreements to reduce high tariff barriers. He helped to improve U.S. relations with Latin America through what came to be known as the Good Neighbor Policy. In East Asia he rejected a proposed “Japanese Monroe Doctrine” that would have given that country a free hand in China (1934). When the U.S. entered World War II, Hull began to plan an international post¬ war peacekeeping body. For this work, Roosevelt described him as the “father of the United Nations.” He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1945.