Husayn! \hu-‘sa-ne\, Amin al- (b. 1897, Jerusalem, Palestine, Otto¬ man Empire—d. July 4, 1974, Beirut, Leb.) Palestinian nationalist leader and grand mufti of Jerusalem (1921-37). In 1921 the British appointed him mufti and named him president of the newly created Supreme Mus¬ lim Council. In 1936 Arab groups formed the Arab High Committee, with al-Husaynl as chairman, demanding an end to Jewish immigration to Pal¬ estine. The British forced him out in 1937, and he went to Lebanon; he spent World War II (1939—45) in Germany and fled to Egypt afterward.
Husaynid \hu-'sa-n3d\ dynasty Ruling dynasty of Tunisia (1705- 1957). The dynasty was founded by an officer of the Ottoman Empire, al-Husayn ibn ‘All. He was allowed to rule autonomously and made trea¬ ties with European powers. European pressure led later Husaynid rulers to suppress piracy (1819), abolish slavery, and ease restrictions on Jews (1837-55). When Tunisia became a French protectorate in 1883, Husaynid rulers became mere figureheads. The monarchy was abolished when Tunisia gained its independence in 1957.
hussar \ha-'zar\ Member of a European light-CAVALRY unit used for scout¬ ing, modeled on the 15th-century Hungarian light-horse corps. The bril¬ liantly coloured Hungarian hussar’s uniform was imitated in other European armies; it consisted of a busby (high cylindrical cloth cap), a jacket with heavy braiding, and a dolman (loose coat worn hanging from the left shoulder). Several hussar regiments of the British army were con¬ verted from light dragoons in the 19th century; they survive today as armoured units.
Hussein \hu-'san\ in full Hussein ibn Talal (b. Nov. 14, 1935, Amman, Transjordan—d. Feb. 7,
1999, Amman, Jordan) King of Jor¬ dan (1952-99). Educated in Britain, he succeeded his father, King Talal, while still in his teens. His country’s precarious geographic and economic position and the many Palestinians living there (whom he, unlike other Arab rulers, offered citizenship and a passport) forced him to chart a cau¬ tious course in international rela¬ tions. Though he earned on secret talks with all Israeli leaders except Menachem Begin, he joined other Arab nations against Israel in the Six- Day War (1967). When the Jordan- based Palestine Liberation Organiza¬ tion (PLO) threatened his reign after defeat in that conflict, Hussein expelled it (1971). Thereafter he sought to repair relations with the PLO without unduly antagonizing Israel or the U.S. He surrendered Jor¬ dan’s claim to the West Bank in 1988, ceding it to the PLO. He consid¬ ered his 1994 peace treaty with Israel his crowning achievement.
Husserl Vhu-so-roL, Edmund (b. April 8, 1859, Prossnitz, Moravia, Austrian Empire—d. April 27, 1938,
Freiburg im Breisgau, Ger.) German philosopher, founder of phenomenol¬ ogy. He received a doctoral degree in mathematics at the University of Vienna in 1882. From 1883 to 1886 he studied with Franz Brentano, whose descriptive psychology prompted Husserl to reflect on the psychological sources of basic math¬ ematical concepts. He lectured at the University of Halle from 1887 to 1901. His Logical Investigations (1901) employed a method he called “phenomenological,” consisting of an analysis of experienced reality exactly as it presents itself to con¬ sciousness. He developed the method in Ideas (1913) and other works written while teaching at the University of Gottingen (1901-16); its fundamental methodological principle was what he called phenomeno¬ logical, or “eidetic,” reduction, which focuses the philosopher’s attention on uninterpreted experience and the quest, thereby, for the essences of things. Because it is also reflection on the functions by which essences become conscious, the reduction reveals the ego for which everything has meaning. In 1916 Husserl accepted a professorship at the University of Freiburg, where Martin Heidegger was one of his students; when Husserl retired in 1928, Heidegger succeeded to his chair. After 1933, when the
Edmund Husserl, c. 1930.
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914 I Hussite ► Huxley
Nazis seized power in Germany, Husserl was excluded from the univer¬ sity because of his Jewishness. His work was enormously influential in the subsequent development of Continental philosophy and in other fields, including the social sciences and psychoanalytic theory.
Hussite Vho-.slt, 'hu-,slt\ Member of a group of 15th-century Bohemian religious reformers, followers of Jan Hus. After Hus’s death in 1415, the Hussites broke with Rome. In addition to giving communion in both bread and wine, they supported freedom of preaching, poverty of the clergy, civil punishment of notorious sinners, and expropriation of church prop¬ erty. Many were nobles and knights, and a papal crusade against them failed in 1431. During peace negotiations in 1433 the Hussites split into two factions, the moderate Utraquists and the radical Taborites. The Utraquists joined the Catholics and defeated the Taborites at the battle of Lipany in 1434; they survived schisms until 1620, when they were absorbed by the Catholics. Another segment of Hussites, Unitas Fratrum, set up an independent organization in 1467 and lasted until the Counter- Reformation. In 1722 a group of Hussites fled Moravia and settled on the estate of Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf (1700-1760) in Sax¬ ony, establishing the community of Herrnhut and founding the Moravian CHURCH.
Huston Vhyii-stonV, John (b. Aug. 5, 1906, Nevada, Mo., U.S—d. Aug. 28, 1987, Middletown, R.I.) U.S. film director and screenwriter. The son of Walter Huston, he was briefly a boxer, a Mexican cavalry officer, and a reporter before becoming a scriptwriter. His first work as a director, The Maltese Falcon (1941), began an illustrious career studded with film clas¬ sics: The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948, Academy Awards for best director and screenplay), Key Largo (1948), The Asphalt Jungle (1950), The African Queen (1951), Moulin Rouge (1952), The Night of the Iguana (1964), The Man Who Would Be King (1975), Prizzi’s Honor (1985), and The Dead (1987). He wrote screenplays for many of his own films and for others such as Jezebel (1938), Juarez (1939), and High Sierra (1941). He also worked as an actor, notably in Chinatown (1974). His daughter Anjelica (b. 1951) was an accomplished actress, earning an Academy Award for her performance in Prizzi’s Honor (1985).
Huston, Walter orig. Walter Houghston (b. April 6, 1884, Tor¬ onto, Ont., Can.—d. April 7, 1950, Beverly Hills, Calif., U.S.) Canadian- born U.S. actor. He made his stage debut in his native Toronto in 1902 and his New York debut in 1905. He and his second wife were a popular vaudeville song-and-dance team (1909-24). On Broadway he won praise in Desire Under the Elms (1924), Dodsworth (1934; film, 1936), and Knickerbocker Holiday (1938), in which he sang “September Song.” He appeared in over 50 films, including Abraham Lincoln (1930), Rain (1932), and The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948, Academy Award), directed by his son John Huston.
Hutchins, Robert Maynard (b. Jan. 17, 1899, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.—d. May 17, 1977, Santa Barbara, Calif.) U.S. educator and foun¬ dation president. He attended Oberlin College and graduated from Yale University (A.B., 1921) and Yale Law School (LL.B., 1925), becoming dean of Yale Law School in 1927. At the University of Chicago as presi¬ dent (1929-45) and chancellor (1945-51), he encouraged liberal educa¬ tion based on the study of the great books of the Western tradition, deplored any tendency toward vocationalism, and dismantled the inter¬ collegiate athletic program. Hutchins later headed various foundations, including the Ford Foundation. He served as chairman of the board of editors of Encyclopedia Britannica (1943-74) and edited the 54-volume Great Books of the Western World (1952). He expounded his views on education in Higher Learning in America (1936).