Hutchinson, Anne orig. Anne Marbury (baptized July 20, 1591, Alford, Lincolnshire, Eng.—d. August or September 1643, Pelham Bay, N.Y.) Anglo-American religious leader. In 1612 she married William Hutchinson, and they followed John Cotton to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634. She organized weekly meetings of Boston women to dis¬ cuss recent sermons and to express their own theological views. Before long, ministers and magistrates were attracted to her sessions, at which she criticized the narrow Puritan orthodoxy and espoused a “covenant of grace.” Her opponents accused her of believing that God’s grace had freed Christians from the need to observe established moral precepts. Tried for “traducing the ministers,” she was sentenced to banishment; refusing to recant, she was excommunicated. In 1638 she and her husband established a colony at Aquidneck Island, which became part of Rhode Island.
Hutchinson, Thomas (b. Sept. 9, 1711, Boston, Mass.—d. June 3, 1780, London, Eng.) American colonial administrator. The son of a wealthy Boston merchant, he pursued business ventures before serving in local and provincial legislatures (1737—49) and as a delegate to the Albany Congress. He served as lieutenant governor (1758-71) and as chief jus¬ tice of the state Superior Court (1760-69). As governor (1771-74), he strictly enforced British rule. After he was accused of initiating the hated Stamp Act, a mob attacked his home, and he barely escaped with his life. His insistence that a shipment of tea be landed in Boston led to the Bos¬ ton Tea Party. He was replaced as governor by Gen. Thomas Gage.
Hutchinson Family U.S. singing group, significant figures in the development of a native popular music tradition. Bom and raised in Mil¬ ford, N.H., the Hutchinson brothers Judson (1817-59), John (1821-1908), and Asa (1823-84) and sister Abby (1829-92) formed a quartet and began giving concerts around New England in 1841. In contrast to the prevail¬ ing sentimental and minstrel songs of the period, their songs embraced political causes, including woman suffrage, prohibition of alcohol, and opposition to the Mexican War. They sang at many antislavery rallies, including a Boston rally that drew 20,000 people. With some members replaced by other family members, the family continued to tour into the 1880s.
Hutterite \ , h3-t3- l rlt\ Member of the Hutterite Brethren, an Anabaptist sect that takes its name from its Austrian founder, Jakob Hutter, who was burned as a heretic in 1536. His followers modeled themselves on the early church in Jerusalem by holding their goods in common. Persecuted in Moravia and the Tirol, they moved eastward to Hungary and the Ukraine. In the 1870s many emigrated to the U.S. and settled in South Dakota. The society still exists in the western U.S. and Canada, where it has colonies of 60-150 members, who operate collective farms. Hutter- ites are pacifists who take no part in politics and remain separate from outside society.
Hutton, James (b. June 3, 1726, Edinburgh, Scot.—d. March 26, 1797, Edinburgh) Scottish geologist, chemist, and naturalist. After short careers in law and medicine, he followed his interest in chemistry and developed an inexpensive manufacturing process for sal ammoniac. He settled in Edinburgh (1768) to pursue a life of science. In two papers presented in Edinburgh in 1785 (published 1788), he elaborated his theory of unifor- mitarianism. Its ability to explain the Earth’s geologic processes without reference to the Bible and its emphasis on an immensely long, cyclical process of erosion, deposition, sedimentation, and volcanic upthrust were revolutionary.
Hutu Bantu-speaking people of Rwanda and Burundi, with a large refu¬ gee population in Congo (Kinshasa). Numbering about 9.5 million, the Hutu comprise the vast majority in both Rwanda and Burundi but were traditionally subject to the Tutsi, who under German and Belgian colonial regimes succeeded in cultivating a lord-vassal relationship. The two cul¬ tures are deeply intertwined; both speak Rwanda and Rundi and adhere to similar religious beliefs (traditional and Christian). The Tutsi remained dominant in Rwanda until 1961, when the Hutu expelled most of them and took over the government. After an unsuccessful Hutu coup attempt in Burundi in 1965, that country’s Hutu remained subordinate under a Tutsi-dominated military government. Violent clashes occurred in Burundi in 1972, 1988, and 1993 and in Rwanda in 1990 and 1994-96, the later including a Hutu-initiated genocidal campaign in which more than a million people were killed and 1-2 million fled to refugee camps in Zaire (now Congo) and Tanzania.
Huxley, Aldous (Leonard) (b.
July 26, 1894, Godaiming, Surrey,
Eng.—d. Nov. 22, 1963, Los Ange¬ les, Calif., U.S.) British novelist and critic. Grandson of T.H. Huxley and brother of Julian Huxley, he was par¬ tially blind from childhood. He is known for works of elegant, witty, pessimistic satire, including Crome Yellow (1921) and Antic Hay (1923), which established him as a major
novelist, and Point Counter Point ..
(1928). The celebrated Brave New
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Huxley ► Hyderabad I 915
World (1932) is a nightmarish vision of a future society that expresses his distrust of trends in politics and technology. Beginning with Eyeless in Gaza (1936), his works reveal a growing interest in Hindu philosophy and mysticism. Later works include the nonfiction The Devils of Loudun (1952) and The Doors of Perception (1954), about his experiences with hallucinogens.
Huxley, Sir Julian (Sorell) (b. June 22, 1887, London, Eng.—d. Feb. 14, 1975, London) British biologist, philosopher, and author. He was a grandson of T.H. Huxley and brother of Aldous Huxley. His research on hormones, developmental processes, ornithology, and ethology influenced the modern development of embryology, classification, and studies of behaviour and evolution. He applied his scientific knowledge to social and political problems, formulating an ethical theory of “evolutionary humanism.” His many books written for the general public, including The Science of Life (1931; with H.G. Wells), were widely read. He served as the first director-general of UNESCO (1946-48).
Huxley, T(homas) H(enry) (b. May 4, 1825, Ealing, Middlesex, Eng.—d. June 29, 1895, Eastbourne, Sussex) British biologist. The son of a schoolmaster, he earned a medical degree. After working as a sur¬ geon on a surveying expedition in the South Pacific (1846-50), during which he carried out extensive studies of marine organisms, he taught for many years at the Royal School of Mines in London (1854-85). In the 1850s he established his reputation with his important papers on animal individuality, certain mollusks, the methods of paleontology, the methods and principles of science and science education, the structure and func¬ tions of nerves, and the vertebrate skull. He was one of the earliest and strongest supporters of Darwinism; his 1860 debate with Bishop Samuel Wilberforce gained widespread attention. In the 1860s Huxley did valu¬ able work in paleontology and classification, especially classification of birds. Later in life he turned to theology; he is said to have coined the word agnostic to describe his views.
Few scientists have been as influen¬ tial over such a wide field of scien¬ tific development and as effective in the total movement of thought and action within their own generation.
Huygens Vhl-ganz, 'hoi-gonzV Christiaan or Christian Huyghens (b. April 14, 1629, The Hague—d. July 8, 1695, The Hague)
Dutch mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. He was the first to use a pendulum to regulate a clock (1656). He invented a method of grinding and polishing telescope lenses, and he used his telescopes to discover the true shape of Saturn’s rings (1659). He developed explana¬ tions of reflection and refraction based on the principle of secondary wave fronts, now called Huygens’ principle. He developed the wave theory of light (1678) and also con¬ tributed to the science of dynamics.