It is used to flavour both sweet and savory foods, and such liqueurs as absinthe. Hyssop honey is consid¬ ered especially fine.
hysterectomy X.his-to-'rek-to- me\ Surgical removal of the uterus, either completely (total hysterec¬ tomy) or leaving the cervix (subtotal hysterectomy). It is performed in the presence of cancer or a benign fibroid tumour if the fibroid is large or rapidly growing, causes excessive bleed¬ ing or discomfort, or seems to be breaking down. Hysterectomy may also
Rock hyrax (Procavia capensis).
LEONARD LEE RUE III
Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)
WALTER DAWN
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
920 I hysteresis ► Hywel Dda
be performed after cesarean section in cases of complications such as uncontrolled bleeding, gross infection, or pelvic cancer.
hysteresis X.his-to-'re-sosV Lagging of the magnetization of ferromag¬ netic material (see ferromagnetism), such as iron, behind variations of the magnetizing field. When such a material is placed in a coil of wire car¬ rying an electric current, the magnetic field so created forces atoms in the material to align with the field. This increases the total magnetic field to a maximum when all the atoms are aligned, though the total field lags behind the magnetizing field. When the intensity of the magnetizing field is decreased to zero, some field remains in the material, and if the mag¬
netizing field is reversed the total magnetization also reverses but again lags behind. The complete cycle, known as a hysteresis loop, dissipates energy in the form of heat as the magnetization is reversed.
Hywel Dda or Howel Dda Vho-wel-'thaV or Hywel the Good (d.
950) Welsh chieftain called “king of all Wales.” He inherited Seisyllwg and secured Dyfed by marriage, thereby creating the kingdom of Deheubarth. Eventually Gwynedd and Powys also came under his rule. By 942 his realm was larger than that of any earlier Welsh ruler. He codi¬ fied Welsh law during his peaceful reign and accepted the status of sub¬ king to the Anglo-Saxon king of Wessex.
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
I Am movement ► ibis I 921
I Am movement U.S. religious movement founded in the 1930s by Guy Ballard (1878-1939) and his wife, Edna (1886-1971). They taught that the Mighty I Am is the source of power in everything, a power available to individuals through a number of Ascended Masters, including Jesus. Another important Ascended Master, St. Germain, spoke to Guy Ballard at Mount Shasta in northern California and revealed Ballard’s many previous lives. The movement suffered a setback when Guy died in 1939 and another when Edna and her son were indicted for fraud in 1940; though the indict¬ ment was set aside in 1946, the movement had by then lost its vitality.
l-ch'ang See Yichang
I Ching See Yijing l-pin See Yibin
lacocca U-o-'ko-koV Lee orig. Lido Anthony lacocca
(b. Oct. 15, 1924, Allentown, Pa., U.S.) U.S. automobile executive.
He was hired as an engineer by Ford Motor Co. but soon moved to its sales department and was noted for his successful promotion of the sporty yet inexpensive Mustang. He rose rapidly, becoming president of Ford in 1970. His brash manner led to his dismissal by Henry Ford
II in 1978. A year later he was hired by the nearly bankrupt Chrysler Corp. He persuaded Congress to lend Chrysler $1.5 billion in 1980 and carried out layoffs, wage cuts, and plant closings to make the company more efficient. He also shifted the company’s emphasis to more fuel-efficient cars and embarked on an aggressive advertising campaign. Within a few years Chrysler was showing record profits, and lacocca was a national celebrity with a best-selling autobiogra¬ phy, lacocca (1984). He retired in 1992.
lao Ve-'au\ Valley or Wailuku \wl-'lti-ku\ Valley Can¬ yon, eastern slope of Mount Puu Kukui, northwestern Maui,
Hawaii, U.S. Formed by erosion, it is 5 mi (8 km) long and 4,000 ft (1,200 m) deep. Iao Needle, a volcanic monolith 2,250 ft (686 m) high, soars nearly straight up from the valley floor.
Iasi \'yash\ German Jassy \'ya-se\ City (pop., 2002: 321,580), north¬ eastern Romania. Located west of the border with Moldova and northeast of Bucharest, it is on the Bahlui River. It was settled as early as the 7th century, and in the 15th century it became a customs post on the trade routes along the Prut River valley. From 1565 to 1862 Ia§i was the capi¬ tal of Moldavia. It was burned by Tatars in 1513, by Turks in 1538, and by Russians in 1686. It is the site of a university, the 16th-century church of St. Nicholas, and a national theatre.
Ibadan \i-'ba-d 3 n, ,e-ba-'dan\ City (pop., 2002 est.: 3,080,000), south¬ western Nigeria. Situated northeast of Lagos, it is the nation’s second largest city. First settled by the Egba, the modern city probably grew from a camp set up by Yoruba armies from Ife, Ijebu, and Oyo; it was taken by the British in 1893. An important commercial centre, it contains six parks, the most important of which is Agodi Garden. It is the seat of the University of Ibadan (1948) as well as a polytechnic and other special¬ ized institutions. Two major stadiums and television studios are also located there.
Ibague \,e-ba-'ga\ City (pop., 1999 est.: 393,664), central Colombia. It is located on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Central of the Andes Mountains. Founded in 1550 on the site of an Indian village, it was moved to its present location for protection from Indian attacks. It was the nation’s capital briefly in 1854. Its location on a road linking the cities of Armenia and Bogota has made it a busy commercial centre. It is the seat of Tolima University.
Ibanez \e-'ban-yas\ (del Campo), Carlos (b. Nov. 3, 1877, Chilian, Chile—d. April 28, 1960, Santiago) Chilean soldier and president (1927- 31, 1952-58). After a 30-year military career, he helped overthrow Pres. Arturo Alessandri Palma in 1924 and effectively controlled Chile until 1931. Backed by the army, he exiled or jailed all opponents, but he failed in his attempt to rescue the ailing nitrate industry despite the help of U.S. capital. As the economy crumbled, discontent with Ibanez’s authoritari¬ anism became overt, and he fled the country. After twice attempting to regain power with the help of Chilean fascists, he won the 1952 presi¬ dential election by appealing to depressed workers and proved to be a more democratic leader than expected. See also Juan Peron.
Ibara Saikaku See Ihara Saikaku Ibarra, Jose Velasco See Jose Velasco Ibarra
Ibarruri \e-'ba-ru-re\ (Gomez), (Isidora) Dolores known as La Pasionaria (Spanish: "The Passionflower") (b. Dec. 9, 1895, Gallarta, near Bilbao, Spain—d. Nov. 12, 1989, Madrid) Spanish com¬ munist leader. The daughter of a poor miner, she became radicalized in her youth. In 1918 she published an article using her pseudonym (“The Passionflower”), and in 1920 she joined the new Communist Party of Spain. After a turbulent career, she emerged as a deputy in the Republi¬ can parliament. By the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 she had won fame as a fiery and even violent street orator, and she coined the Republican battle cry, “No pasaran!” (“They shall not pass!”). With Fran¬ cisco Franco’s victory in 1939 she fled to the Soviet Union; she returned in 1977 after his death and the party’s relegalization. Reelected to parlia¬ ment, she resigned because of ill health, but she remained honourary president of the party until her death.
Iberian Any member of a prehistoric people of southern and east¬ ern Spain. They were largely untouched by the migrations of Celtic peoples to northern and central Spain beginning in the 8th century bc. Culturally they were influenced by Greek and Phoenician trad¬ ing colonies. On the eastern coast, tribes seem to have formed inde¬ pendent city-states; in the south, they formed monarchies. Their economy was based on agriculture, mining, and metallurgy. Their non-Indo-European language continued into Roman times.