Iceman Body of a man found sealed in a glacier in the Tirolean Otztal Alps in 1991 and dated to 3300 bc. It has revealed significant details of everyday life during the Neolithic Period. The Iceman (also called Simi- laun Man or Otzi, after the glacier and valley) is tattooed on parts of his body and has trimmed hair; it had previously been thought that tattooing and hair cutting began much later in Europe. He wore neatly stitched deerskin clothing, a woven grass cape, and leather shoes stuffed with grass for insulation. He carried two fungi on leather thongs, probably for medicinal purposes, and a birchbark box containing food supplies. His other equipment included a copper ax, a flint dagger, a yew bow, and a deerskin quiver holding expertly finished arrows. Although it was initially believed that he had died of freezing, X-ray examination in 2001 showed that an arrowhead was lodged in his left shoulder, suggesting that he had likely bled to death after being shot.
Ichikawa \,e-che-'ka-wa\ Kon (b. Nov. 20, 1915, Ise, Japan) Japanese film director. After working in the animation department of the Toho film studio, he directed his first film, The Girl at Dojo Temple (1946). He introduced sophisticated Western-style comedy to Japan in films such as The Woman Who Touched Legs (1952) and Mr. Pu (1953). He gained international acclaim for his antiwar films The Burmese Harp (1956) and Fires on the Plain (1959) and the documentary Tokyo Olympiad (1965). His other major films include Conflagration (1958), My Enemy the Sea (1963), and An Actor’s Revenge (1963).
ICI See Imperial Chemical Industries PLC
icon In Eastern Orthodoxy, the representation of sacred persons or events in murals, mosaics, or paintings on wood. After the Iconoclastic Contro¬ versy of the 8th-9th century, which disputed the religious function and meaning of icons (see iconoclasm), the Eastern churches formulated an official doctrine that approved their use, stating that since God had assumed material form in the person of Jesus, he and other sacred person¬ ages could be represented in works of art. Usually depicting Jesus or Mary but also sometimes saints, icons are relied on as objects of ven¬ eration and as tools for instruction.
iconoclasm Destruction of reli¬ gious images. In Christianity and Islam, iconoclasm was based on the Mosaic prohibition against making graven images, which were associ¬ ated with idolatry. The making of portraits of Christ and the saints was opposed in the early Christian church, but icons had become popu¬ lar in Christian worship by the end of the 6th century, and defenders of icon worship emphasized the symbolic nature of the images. Opposition to icons by the Byzantine emperor Leo III in 726 led to the Iconoclastic Controversy, which continued in the Eastern church for more than a cen¬ tury before icons were again accepted. Statues and portraits of saints and religious figures were also common in the Western church, though some Protestant sects eventually rejected them. Islam still bans all icons, and iconoclasm has played a role in the conflicts between Muslims and Hin¬ dus in India.
iconostasis Vj-ko-'nas-to-sosV In Eastern Christian churches of Byzan¬ tine tradition, a solid screen of stone, wood, or metal separating the sanc¬ tuary from the nave. It has a royal door in the center and two smaller doors on either side. Covered with panel icons, it always includes the icon of the Incarnation (mother with child) on the left and the second coming of Christ on the right; icons of the four Evangelists, the Annunciation, and the Last Supper cover the royal doors themselves.
id In Freudian psychoanalytic theory, one of the three aspects of the human personality, along with the ego and superego. The id is the source of instinctual impulses such as sex and aggression as well as primitive needs that exist at birth. It is entirely nonrational and functions accord¬ ing to the pleasure-pain principle, seeking immediate fulfillment of its impulses whenever possible. Its working processes are completely uncon¬
scious in the adult, but it supplies the energy for conscious mental life, and it plays an especially important role in modes of expression that have a nonrational element, such as the making of art. The primary methods for unmasking its content, according to Sigmund Freud, are dream analy¬ sis and free association.
Ida, Mount Name of two separate mountains, one in Anatolia and the other on the island of Crete. The Anatolian mountain is located near the site of ancient Troy and once held a Classical shrine where Paris is said to have judged the beauty of three Greek goddesses. From its highest point, about 5,800 ft (1,800 m), the gods are said to have witnessed the Trojan War. The second mountain, in west-central Crete, is the island’s highest point, reaching 8,058 ft (2,456 m). It also held a Classical shrine, which included the cave where Zeus, the father of the Greek pantheon, was said to have been reared.
Idaho State (pop., 2000: 1,293,953), northwestern U.S. It is bordered by Canada and the U.S. states of Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. It covers 83,574 sq mi (216,456 sq km). Its capital is Boise. Idaho is dominated by the Rocky Mountains, which extend from the Canadian border to south-central Idaho and along the Wyoming border. Its most extensive valley surrounds the Snake River, which flows through Hells Canyon, the deepest gorge in North America. First occupied by American Indians, the region was explored by the Lewis and Clark Expe¬ dition in 1805. It was part of the disputed Oregon Country that passed to the U.S. when Britain relinquished its claims by treaty in 1846. Discov¬ ery of gold in 1860 brought an influx of settlers. It became Idaho Terri¬ tory in 1863 and was admitted to the Union as the 43rd state in 1890. Labour protests during 1890-1910 involving the Industrial Workers of the World erupted frequently. During the late 20th century, Idaho developed its agriculture and industry and promoted its natural wilderness.
ideal gas See perfect gas
idealism In metaphysics, the view that stresses the central role of the ideal or the spiritual in the constitution of the world and in mankind’s interpre¬ tation of experience. Idealism may hold that the world or reality exists essentially as spirit or consciousness, that abstractions and laws are more fundamental in reality than sensory things, or, at least, that whatever exists is known to mankind in dimensions that are chiefly mental—that is, through and as ideas. Metaphysical idealism asserts the ideality of reality; epistemological idealism holds that in the knowledge process the mind can grasp only its own contents. Metaphysical idealism is thus directly opposed to materialism, and epistemological idealism is opposed to realism. Absolute idealism (see G. W. F. Hegel) includes the following principles: (1) the everyday world of things and persons is not the world as it really is but merely as it appears in terms of uncriticized categories; (2) the best reflection of the world is in terms of a self-conscious mind; (3) thought is the relation of each particular experience with the infinite whole of which it is an expression; and (4) truth consists in relationships of coherence between thoughts, rather than in a correspondence between thoughts and external realities (see coherentism). See also George Berkeley.
Idelsohn \'e-d 3 l- I zon\, Abraham (Zevi) (b. July 14, 1882, Felixberg, Latvia, Russian Empire—d. Aug. 14, 1938, Johannesburg, S.Af.) Latvian musicologist. After studies in Germany he served as a synagogue cantor there (from 1903) before moving to Johannesburg and then to Jerusalem in 1905. Later he moved to the U.S., but after a stroke in 1934 he returned to Johannesburg. His monumental comparative studies of Jewish music in many parts of the world established that the tradition had remained relatively unchanged over time and also suggested connections between Jewish chant and the origins of Gregorian chant. He composed the first Hebrew opera, Yiftah (1922), and the song “Hava nagila.”
Identity Christianity North American Christian movement that iden¬ tifies Anglo-Saxon and other European peoples with the lost tribes of Israel. Anti-Semitic and racist, Identity Christianity posits that God’s cov¬ enant was actually with the European peoples and that the Jews are the offspring of Eve and Satan, and it characterizes blacks as subhuman. Though it has been largely unsuccessful in persuading “white Israelites” of their purported identity, small churches are active (mainly in the north¬ western U.S.) and the movement proselytizes through publications, recordings, and the Internet.