lio Sogi Vso-ge\ or Sogi (b. 1421, Japan—d. Sept. 1, 1502, Hakone) Japanese poet. Sogi was a Zen monk in Kyoto before becoming, in his 30s, a professional renga (linked-verse) poet. He is considered the great¬ est master of renga because of two sequences, Minase sangin (1488; “Three Poets at Minase”) and Yuyama sangin (1491; “Three Poets at Yuyama”), in each of which poets led by Sogi took turns at composing short stanzas (links) to form a single poem with many shifts of mood and direction. The foremost poet of his age, he left more than 90 works, including anthologies, diaries, poetic criticism, and manuals.
Ijoid languages The smallest branch of the huge Niger-Congo lan¬ guage family. The Ijoid languages are found in the relatively narrow coastal Niger River delta region of Nigeria. They consist of a language cluster, Ijo, which is spoken by about two million people, and the solitary Defaka, spoken by very few. The Ijo were among the first West Africans to have contact with Europeans, and the Ijo language is believed to be one of the first Nigerian languages written.
IJssel River Va-sol,\ English Vl-soL River, in The Netherlands. An important distributary of the Rhine River, it leaves the Lower Rhine (Neder Rijn) just southeast of Arnhem and flows northeastward for 70 mi (110 km) to enter the IJsselmeer. Zutphen, Deventer, and Zwolle are important cities along its course.
IJsselmeer Va-sol-.merX English Lake Ijssel Shallow freshwater lake, northern and central Netherlands. Fed by the IJssel River, it was formed from the southern part of the former Zuiderzee by a dam, which separates it from both the Waddenzee and the North Sea. It previously had a total area of 1,328 sq mi (3,440 sq km), though this has been reduced by rec¬ lamation projects that have increased the land area of The Netherlands by more than 600 sq mi (1,600 sq km). Regulated by sluices, the formerly brackish water has been replaced by fresh water from the IJssel River, and eel fisheries have been established.
ijtihad \,ij-te-'had\ In Islamic law, the analysis of problems not covered precisely in the Qur’an, the Hadith, or the scholarly consensus called the ijmcf. In the early Muslim scholarly community, every jurist had the right to exercise such original thinking, but the growth of legal schools prompted Sunnite Muslim authorities to declare that the principal legal issues had been settled by the 10th century. ShTite Muslims have always
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928 I Ike Taiga ► illuminated manuscript
recognized ijtihad, and jurists considered learned enough for this kind of analysis have great authority. In the 20th century an attempt was made to restore ijtihad among Sunnites to help Islam adapt to the modern world.
Ike Taiga \'e-ke-'tl-ga\ orig. Matajiro (b. June 6, 1723, Kyoto, Japan—d. May 30, 1776, Kyoto) Japanese painter. From an early age he was taught calligraphy and the Chinese classics. He helped establish the bunjin-ga style of painting (see literati), originally a Chinese style. His works consist of landscapes and portraits, including the screen pictures The Five Hundred Disciples of Buddha and a series of illustrations for Juben jugicho (1771; “Ten Advantages and Ten Pleasures Collection”), albums based on the poems of Li Liweng of the Qing dynasty (1644- 1911). Ike became one of the leading calligraphers of the Edo culture.
ikebana \,i-ka-'ba-n3\ Japanese art of flower arranging. It was intro¬ duced in Japan in the 6th century by Chinese Buddhist missionaries, who had formalized the ritual of offering flowers to the Buddha. The first school of flower arranging in Japan was founded in the early 7th century. The art is based on harmony of simple linear construction and appreciation of the subtle beauty of flowers and natural material (branches, stems). Sev¬ eral major schools, with differing histories and theories of artistic style, exist to this day. In its highest form, ikebana is spiritual and philosophi¬ cal in nature, but in modern Japan it is more often practiced as a sign of refinement by marriageable young women or older matrons.
Ikhwan \ik-'wan\ Arabic "Brethren" Religious and military broth¬ erhood that helped I BN Sa'ud unite the Arabian Peninsula. First organized in 1912, its members were settled in colonies around oases in an effort to break down tribal loyalties and force the Bedouin to abandon their nomadic way of life. They also embraced the arch-traditionalist Islamic principles of Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-WAHHAB. From 1919 they won many victories in Arabia and Iraq, with conquests including Mecca and Medina. By 1926 the Ikhwan were becoming uncontrollable, attacking Ibn Sa'ud for inno¬ vations such as telephones and automobiles. They staged a bloody revolt, which was not put down until 1930, and then only with British help. Members who had remained loyal were eventually absorbed into the National Guard of Saudi Arabia.
Ikhwan al-MuslimDn, al- See Muslim Brotherhood
Ikhwan al-Safa’ \ik-'wan-as-sa-'fa\ Secret Arab brotherhood founded in Basra, Iraq, in the 10th century. The beliefs of the group diverged sharply from orthodox Islam, incorporating elements of Neoplatonism, Gnosticism, astrology, and the occult sciences. The brotherhood is best known for having produced a philosophical and religious encyclopedia, Epistles of the Brethren of Purity and Loyal Friends , whose purpose was to provide enlightenment that would purify the soul and provide happi¬ ness in the next life.
ikki \'ik-e\ Peasant uprisings in Japan beginning in the Kamakura period (1192-1333) and continuing through the Tokugawa period (1603-1867). Though the welfare of the city dweller improved during Tokugawa (Edo) times, the welfare of poor peasants worsened: excessive taxation and ris¬ ing numbers of famines drove them first to peaceful and then to violent demonstrations. They sometimes received redress for particular hardships, but their spokesmen would forfeit their lives for their audacity.
II Rosso See Giovanni Battista Rosso ilang-ilang See ylang-ylang
ileitis \,i-le-'i-t3s\ Chronic inflammation of part of the small intestine or large intestine (strictly, of the ileum). A more serious type, regional ileitis (Crohn disease), involves both small and large intestines. Ileitis symp¬ toms include chronic or intermittent, sometimes bloody, diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Fever, weight loss, and anemia may occur. Crohn dis¬ ease may involve progressive deterioration. Obstructions or abnormal connections between loops of intestine may develop. Simple ileitis has short-term causes, and many patients recover completely. In Crohn dis¬ ease, which may result from an autoimmune defect, remissions and relapses continue for years, causing the intestine’s wall to thicken, its channel to narrow, and its lining to ulcerate. X-ray films or colonoscopy showing these features are diagnostic. Drug treatment may help, but there is no known cure, and the disease often requires removal of part of the intestine.
ileum Vi-le-amV Final and longest segment of the small intestine. It is the site of absorption of vitamin B 12 (see vitamin B complex) and reabsorption of about 90% of conjugated bile salts. It extends about 13 ft (4 m), from
the jejunum (middle section of the small intestine) to the ileocecal valve, where it joins the large intestine. Disorders produce vitamin B 12 deficiency and extensive diarrhea (since bile salts in the large intestine interfere with water absorption).
Iliamna \,i-le-'am-n3\ Lake Lake, Alaska, U.S. The largest lake in Alaska and the second largest freshwater lake entirely within the U.S., it is 80 mi (129 km) long and 25 mi (40 km) wide and covers an area of 1,000 sq mi (2,600 sq km). Located west of Cook Inlet in southwestern Alaska, it drains southwest into Bristol Bay and the Bering Sea. The active Iliamna Volcano, 10,016 ft (3,053 m) high, lies northeast of the lake. It was named by Tanaina Indians, whose mythology held that it was inhab¬ ited by a giant blackfish capable of biting holes in canoes.