Ilium See Troy
Illinois State (pop., 2000: 12,419,293), midwestem U.S. Bordered by Wisconsin, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, and Iowa, it covers 57,918 sq mi (150,008 sq km). Its capital is Springfield. The Mississippi River forms the state’s western boundary, the Ohio River and Wabash River form its south¬ eastern border, and the Illinois River traverses the state; Lake Michigan lies to the northeast. Located on its northeastern border is Chicago, the nation’s third largest city. Indian settlement dates from 8000 bc. The Mis¬ sissippi culture was centred at Cahokia c. ad 1300; all the tribes inhab¬ iting the area at the time of European settlement were of Algonquian stock. The French explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet entered the ter¬ ritory in 1673. France controlled it until 1763, when it passed to Britain after the French and Indian War. It became part of the Northwest Terri¬ tory in 1783 and part of Indiana Territory in 1800; Illinois Territory was formed in 1809, and it became the 21st state in 1818. Although politically divided during the American Civil War, Illinois remained part of the Union. In the 20th century, intense party rivalry (between Republicans and Demo¬ crats) and the state’s large electoral vote made it a major battleground in presidential elections (see Republican Party; Democratic Party). It is one of the largest U.S. industrial centres and a top manufacturer of nonelectrical machinery. It is also a major insurance centre.
Illinois Central Gulf Railroad Co. (1C) U.S. railroad formed by the merger of the Illinois Central Railroad Co. and the Gulf, Mobile, and Ohio Railroad Co. The Illinois Central was chartered in 1851, and its first line was built from Galena to Cairo, Ill. A spur line to Chicago was built as part of the acquisition of a federal land grant. It eventually absorbed more than 100 smaller railroads across the Midwest and south to the Gulf of Mexico. After merging with the Gulf, Mobile, and Ohio in 1972, the rail¬ road operated in 13 states. In 1985 it sold its line extending from Chicago to Iowa and Nebraska. The IC ships freight and operates passenger trains for Amtrak. It was a subsidiary of IC Industries, Inc. (later Whitman Corp.), a holding company formed in 1962. The railroad was privatized in 1989 and merged with Canadian National Railway Co. (CN) in 1999.
Illinois River River, northeastern Illinois, U.S. Formed by the junction of the Des Plaines River and Kankakee River in Illinois, it flows southwest across the state, joining the Mississippi River after a course of 273 mi (440 km). It drains an area of 25,000 sq mi (65,000 sq km) and occasionally broadens into wide expanses, such as Peoria Lake.
illuminated manuscript Hand¬ written book decorated with gold or silver, brilliant colours, elaborate designs, or miniature paintings.
“Illumination” originally denoted embellishment of text with gold or silver, which gave the impression that the page had been literally illu¬ minated. In the Middle Ages those who “historiated” (illustrated texts with paintings) were differentiated from those who “illuminated”
(embellished the initial capital letters with gold leaf or powder). Today the term denotes the illustration and decoration of early manuscripts in general, whether or not with gold.
With the development of printing in Europe in the 15th century, illumina¬ tion was superseded by printed illus¬ trations.
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Illuminated initial "U" for "Uerba" "Verba") in the book of Jeremiah, from the Winchester Bible, English, 12th century; in the Cathedral Library, Win¬ chester, England (MS. 17, fol. 148R)
BY PERMISSION OF THE DEAN AND CHAPTER OF WINCHESTER; COPYRIGHT THE WARBURG INSTITUTE, THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
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Illustrated London News Historic magazine of news and the arts, published in London. Founded in 1842 as a weekly, it became a monthly in 1971. A pioneer in the use of various graphic arts, it was London’s first illustrated periodical, the first periodical to make extensive use of wood- cuts and engravings, and the first to use photographs. In 1912 it became the first periodical using rotogravure to publish an integrated picture and text section. Initially focused mainly on English social life, it later broad¬ ened its scope to embrace general news and cultural activities.
illuviation Accumulation of dissolved or suspended soil materials in one area or layer as a result of leaching (percolation) from another. Usu¬ ally clay, iron, or humus wash out and form a line with a different con¬ sistency and color. These lines are important for studying the composition and ages of rock strata.
Illyria \9-'lir-e-9\ Ancient country, northwestern Balkan Peninsula, south¬ eastern Europe. It was inhabited from the 10th century bc by the Illyrians, an Indo-European people who later practiced piracy on Roman shipping. After a series of wars with Rome, it was defeated in 168 bc and estab¬ lished as the Roman province of Illyricum. When the Roman Empire was divided in ad 395, Illyria east of the Drina River became part of the East¬ ern Empire. It was occupied by the Slavs from the 6th century, and its name changed in the 8th-11th centuries to Arberi and finally to Albania.
Illyrian \3-'lir-e-9n\ Provinces Former territory, Dalmatian coast of Europe. When the French victory in 1809 compelled Austria to cede part of its southern Slav lands to France, Napoleon combined Carniola, West Carinthia, Gorz, Istria, and parts of Croatia, Dalmatia, and Ragusa to form the Illyrian Provinces, which he incorporated into his empire. The end of the French administration in 1814 returned them to the Austrian Empire.
‘ilm al-hadith Vilm-al-ha-'dethX Form of analysis established by 9th- century Muslim traditionalists to verify the merits of the Hadith. Of the many accounts of Muhammad’s statements and actions that constituted the Hadith, some were thought to be forgeries or of doubtful reliability. Schol¬ ars judged their merit by scrutinizing the isnads that detailed the chain of authority through which the story had been handed down.
Ilmen ViP-monA, Lake Lake, northwestern Russia. It occupies the cen¬ tre of the Ilmen Plain, a glacial lowland drained by nearly 50 rivers, includ¬ ing the Msta, Pola, and Lovat, that flow into the lake; the lake in turn provides the headwaters of the Volkhov River. Its area—between 283 and 807 sq mi (733 and 2,090 sq km)—varies according to river flow. The lake is navigable in summer and has an average depth of 33 ft (10 m).
ilmenite \ , il-m3- l nlt\ Iron-black, heavy, metallic oxide mineral, composed of iron and titanium oxide (FeTi0 3 ), which is the major source of tita¬ nium. It is found disseminated or in veins in gabbro, diorite, or anorthosite, as in Quebec, New York state, and Norway. It also forms large masses, as in Iron Mountain, Wyoming, and in the Ilmen Mountains, Russia, from which it derives its name. Smaller quantities are present in copper-ore veins, pegmatites, black beach sands, and placer deposits.
Iloilo \,e-lo-'e-lo\ City (pop., 2000: 365,820), Panay island, Philippines. Pre-Spanish settlement was extensive, but the seaport remained small until 1855, when it was opened to foreign trade. For a time it rivaled Cebu City as the main port of the Visayan Islands. It is a major fishing port and is known also for its raw-silk and pineapple-fibre fabrics.
Ilorin \e-'lo-ren\ City (pop., 2002 est.: 756,400), western Nigeria. It is located on a minor tributary of the Niger River. Founded by the Yoruba in the late 18th century and the capital of a Yoruba kingdom, it passed to Britain in 1897. Surrounded by a mud wall and mainly inhabited by Muslim Yoruba people, it is an industrial, commercial, and educational centre.