in whether clauses 8.41
used to form passives 9.9
get instead of be in passives 9.24
repeating be when words are left out 10.64
as an auxiliary R80, R89
contracted forms R81
because 8.50
become 3.126
before
relating events or periods of time 4.107
in expressions of frequency 4.119
in expressions of duration 4.141
as preposition of position 6.86
in time clauses 8.16
belief 5.123
below 10.45
best 6.32, 6.52
better 6.32, 6.52
had better 5.245
between 2.271
billion 2.221–2.222
billions used for emphasis 2.224
bit
a bit and a little bit as submodifying adverbs 2.162
a bit as adverb of degree 6.52
both
used instead of a personal pronoun 1.156
as determiner 1.242
as predeterminer 1.251
as quantity expression with of 2.179
broad negatives 5.80–5.86
position in clause 5.81–5.82
but 5.74, 8.5, 8.152–8.161
after negative words starting with no 5.74
used for linking clauses 8.152
used for linking adjectives 8.187
used for linking adverbs 8.188
by
after a noun phrase 2.286
for specific time 4.111
in frequency expressions 4.122
as preposition referring to position 6.89
in passives 9.14
lists of verbs used with by in the passive 9.16
—————— C ——————
can 5.159
indicating skills and abilities 5.116
expressing awareness 5.117
talking about general truths 5.118–5.119
indicating belief 5.123
asking for permission 5.140
asking for help 5.159
making offers of help 5.174
indicating ability 5.177
cannot
indicating impossibility 5.126
indicating certainty 5.130
forbidding 5.145–5.149
making requests 5.161
showing unwillingness 5.197
showing politeness 5.217–5.218
can’t
making requests 5.163
capital letters 1.14
cardinal numbers 2.208, 2.213–2.231, R42–R45
as pronouns 1.157, 2.220
talking about negative amounts 2.216
agreement with nouns and verbs 2.217–2.218
large numbers 2.221
approximate quantities 2.224–2.225
used as quantity expressions 2.227–2.228
writing and saying cardinal numbers R42–R45
causative 3.211
certain
as an indefinite determiner 1.245
classifying adjectives 2.26–2.29
clauses
•clauses of manner 8.78–8.82
•concessive clauses 8.65–8.72
•conditional clauses 8.25–8.42
•place clauses 8.73–8.77
•purpose clauses 8.43–8.48
•reason clauses 8.49–8.53
•result clauses 8.54–8.64
•time clauses 8.8–8.24
cohesion
collective nouns 1.47–1.51
list of collective nouns 1.51
colour adjectives 2.30–2.34
colour nouns 1.71, 2.35
adding extra information to colour adjectives 2.31
approximate colours 2.32–2.33
linking colour adjectives 8.182
come 3.200
common nouns 1.3–1.4
comparative adjectives 2.103–2.111
position of comparative adjectives 2.55
in front of a noun 2.104
after a linking verb 2.105
used as nouns 2.109
modifying comparatives adjectives 2.157–2.163
irregular forms 6.32–6.35
formation R20–R31
comparative adverbs 6.30–6.35, R150–R154
forms 6.31
structures 6.35
formation and irregular forms R151–R154
comparing things 2.103–2.139, 8.80–8.82
comparison of colour adjectives 2.34
structures used after comparatives 2.106
position 2.107
more and more than 2.108
with less 2.110
contrasted comparatives 2.111
with like 2.132–2.134
adjectives meaning the same 2.138
modifying adjectives used in comparisons 2.139
with like and as 6.106–6.108, 6.119
with than 6.119
complement 3.127, 8.70, 9.1, 9.21
complete 2.36
compound adjectives 2.16, 2.94–2.102
formation 2.95–2.96
compound qualitative adjectives 2.97
compound classifying adjectives 2.98
compound colour adjectives 2.99
long compound adjectives 2.100–2.101
foreign compound adjectives 2.102
compound nouns 1.83–1.92
two words, one word or a hyphen? 1.84
lists of compound nouns 1.85–1.88
from phrasal verbs 1.89
plural forms 1.91–1.92
expressing age 2.259
compound verbs 3.117–3.125
written forms of compound verbs 3.119
forms of compound verbs 3.120–3.121
intransitive compound verbs 3.122
transitive compound verbs 3.123–3.124
inflecting compound verbs 3.125
conditional clauses 8.25–8.42
summary of uses 8.25
beginning with if or unless 8.26
in imperative structures 8.27
choice of tense 8.28–8.32
things that often happen 8.29
things that often happened in the past 8.30
possible situations 8.31
things that might happen in the future 8.32–8.33
unlikely situations 8.34
what might have been 8.35
omission of if with should, were, or had 8.36
contractions
n’t for not 5.59–5.60, 5.102, 5.247
of will and would 5.106
of auxiliaries R80
conjunctions 8.2–8.5, 10.55
subordinating conjunctions 8.4
coordinating conjunctions 8.5
functions 8.153
emphasizing 8.194–8.199
coordination 8.149–8.201
list of coordinating conjunctions 8.149
copula
could
indicating ability in the past 5.110, 5.116–5.119
indicating awareness 5.117
talking about general truths 5.118–5.119