Works on individual countries are legion, and only a sample can be cited here. Education in 20th-century Europe is one of the main topics discussed in Keith Evans, The Development and Structure of the English School System (1985); and Brian Simon and William Taylor, Education in the Eighties: The Central Issues (1981), focusing on Great Britain; Christoph Führ, Education and Teaching in the Federal Republic of Germany (1979; originally published in German, 1979); W.D. Halls, Education, Culture, and Politics in Modern France (1976); and Leon Boucher, Tradition and Change in Swedish Education (1982).
Studies specifically on U.S. education include Lawrence A. Cremin, The Transformation of the Schooclass="underline" Progressivism in American Education, 1876–1957 (1961); Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, Schooling in Capitalist America (1976); Ernest L. Boyer, High Schooclass="underline" A Report on Secondary Education in America (1983); Christopher Jencks et al., Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America (1972); Clarence J. Karier, Paul C. Violas, and Joel Spring, Roots of Crisis: American Education in the Twentieth Century (1972); Michael B. Katz, Class, Bureaucracy, and Schools: The Illusion of Educational Change in America, expanded ed. (1975); Judy Jolley Mohraz, The Separate Problem: Case Studies of Black Education in the North, 1900–1930 (1979); Diane Ravitch, The Troubled Crusade: American Education, 1945–1980 (1983); and Fred F. Harcleroad and Allan W. Ostar, Colleges and Universities for Change: America’s Comprehensive Public State Colleges and Universities (1987). Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (1987), provides an example of intellectual criticism of the educational system.
Information on education in Canada is found in Carolyn Cossage, A Question of Privilege: Canada’s Independent Schools (1977); Robin S. Harris, A History of Higher Education in Canada, 1663–1960 (1976); Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Reviews of National Policies for Education: Canada (1976); Hugh A. Stevenson and J. Donald Wilson, Quality in Canadian Public Education: A Critical Assessment (1988); T.H.B. Symons, To Know Ourselves: The Report of the Commission on Canadian Studies, 3 vol. in 2 (1975–84); and George S. Tomkins, A Common Countenance: Stability and Change in the Canadian Curriculum (1986). Education in Australia is discussed in Peter Dwyer, Bruce Wilson, and Roger Wook, Confronting School and Work: Youth and Class Cultures in Australia (1984); L.E. Foster, Australian Education: A Sociological Perspective (1981); Peter Karmel (ed.), Education, Change, and Society (1981), papers of a conference of the Australian Council for Educational Research; and R.J.R. King and R.E. Young, A Systematic Sociology of Australian Education (1986). Information regarding education in New Zealand is found in Ian Cumming and Alan Cumming, History of State Education in New Zealand, 1840–1975 (1978); and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Reviews of National Policies for Education: New Zealand (1983).
There are many works discussing the systems of education in those countries that have experienced major social upheavals. Education in the former Soviet Union is discussed in Joseph I. Zajda, Education in the USSR (1980); Sheila Fitzpatrick, Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union, 1921–1934 (1979); Ludwig Liegle, The Family’s Role in Soviet Education (1975; originally published in German, 1970); Mervyn Matthews, Education in the Soviet Union: Policies and Institutions Since Stalin (1982); John Dunstan, Paths to Excellence and the Soviet School (1978); and J.J. Tomiak (ed.), Soviet Education in the 1980s (1983). Information regarding education in China is found in Theodore E. Hsiao, The History of Modern Education in China (1932); Ronald F. Price, Education in Modern China, 2nd ed. (1979); Theodore Hsi-en Chen, Chinese Education Since 1949 (1981), The Maoist Educational Revolution (1974), and “Educational Development in the People’s Republic of China, 1949–1981,” in Hungdah Chiu and Shao-chuan Leng (eds.), China Seventy Years After the 1911 Hsin-Hai Revolution (1984), pp. 364–389; Wolfgang Franke, The Reform and Abolition of the Traditional Chinese Examination System (1960, reprinted 1972); Knight Biggerstaff, The Earliest Modern Government School in China (1961, reprinted 1972); and Ruth Hayhoe, China’s Universities and the Open Door (1988). Ronald F. Price, Marx and Education in Russia and China (1977), is a comparative philosophical study.
Afro-Asian patterns of education are studied in Robert Leestma et al., Japanese Education Today: A Report from the U.S. Study of Education in Japan (1987); Japan Provisional Council on Educational Reform, First Report on Educational Reform (1985); Richard Lynn, Educational Achievement in Japan: Lessons for the West (1988); R. Murray Thomas and T. Neville Postlethwaite (eds.), Schooling in East Asia: Forces of Change: Formal and Nonformal Education in Japan, the Republic of China, the People’s Republic of China, South Korea, North Korea, Hong Kong, and Macau (1983), Schooling in the ASEAN Region: Primary and Secondary Education in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand (1980), and Schooling in the Pacific Islands: Colonies in Transition (1984); Pakistan. Ministry of Education, National Education Policy and Implementation Programme (1979); Asian Programme of Educational Innovation for Development, Towards Universalisation of Primary Education in Asia and the Pacific: Country Studies, 12 vol. (1984), a UNESCO publication covering Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, South Korea, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, and Thailand; A. Biswas and S.P. Agrawal (comps.), Development of Education in India: A Historical Survey of Educational Documents Before and After Independence (1986); S.N. Mukerji, Education in India Today and Tomorrow, 7th ed. (1976); R.M. Ruperti, The Education System in Southern Africa (1976; originally published in Afrikaans, 1974); Pam Christie, The Right to Learn: The Struggle for Education in South Africa (1985); and A.L. Behr, New Perspectives in South African Education (1984).
Education in developing countries is the subject of A.R. Thompson, Education and Development in Africa (1981); A. Babs Fafunwa and J.U. Aisiku (eds.), Education in Africa: A Comparative Survey (1982); David G. Scanlon (ed.), Church, State, and Education in Africa (1966); Ali A. Mazrui, Political Values and the Educated Class in Africa (1978); R.H. Dave, A. Ouane, and A.M. Ranaweera (eds.), Learning Strategies for Post-Literacy and Continuing Education in Algeria, Egypt, and Kuwait (1987); Judith Cochran, Education in Egypt (1986); James Allman, Social Mobility, Education, and Development in Tunisia (1979); Joseph S. Szyliowicz, Education and Modernization in the Middle East (1973); Byron G. Massialas and Samir Ahmed Jarrar, Education in the Arab World (1983); Josefina Vázquez, Nacionalismo y educación en México, 2nd ed. (1975); George R. Waggoner and Barbara Ashton Waggoner, Education in Central America (1971); Fay Haussman and Jerry Haar, Education in Brazil (1978); and Daniel C. Levy, Higher Education and the State in Latin America (1986).Nobuo Shimahara S.N. Mukerji Theodore Hsi-en Chen James Bowen Robert Browning Hugh F. Graham Joseph S. Szyliowicz J.J. Chambliss Josefina Zoraida Vázquez Robert Frederic Lawson Oskar Anweiler David G. Scanlon R. Murray Thomas Global trends in education