Among historical surveys of individual countries, the following are usefuclass="underline" W.H.G. Armytage, Four Hundred Years of English Education, 2nd ed. (1970); S.J. Curtis, History of Education in Great Britain, 7th ed. (1967); Christopher Brooke and Roger Highfield, Oxford and Cambridge (1988); Charles Fourrier, L’Enseignement français de l’Antiquité à la Révolution (1964), and L’Enseignement français de 1789 à 1945 (1965), on France; William H.E. Johnson, Russia’s Educational Heritage (1950, reissued 1969); Tokiomi Kaigo, Japanese Education: Its Past and Present, 2nd ed. (1968); Ping-Wen Kuo, The Chinese System of Public Education (1915, reprinted 1972); T.N. Siqueira, The Education of India: History and Problems, 4th rev. ed. (1952); Ahmad Shalaby, History of Muslim Education (1954, reissued 1979); Allan Barcan, A History of Australian Education (1980); Roger Openshaw and David McKenzie (eds.), Reinterpreting the Educational Past: Essays in the History of New Zealand Education (1987); Lawrence A. Cremin, American Education, the Colonial Experience, 1607–1783 (1970), American Education, the National Experience, 1783–1876 (1980), and American Education, the Metropolitan Experience, 1875–1980 (1988); David B. Tyack, The One Best System: A History of American Urban Education (1974); and J. Donald Wilson, Robert M. Stamp, and Louis-Philippe Audet (eds.), Canadian Education (1970). Education in primitive and early civilized cultures
There are few monographs dealing solely with education in primitive civilizations; information is to be found chiefly in works treating larger subjects, such as Margaret Mead, Continuities in Cultural Evolution (1964); George Dearborn Spindler (ed.), Education and Cultural Process: Anthropological Approaches, 2nd ed. (1987); Thomas Woody, Life and Education in Early Societies (1949, reprinted 1970); Christopher J. Lucas, Our Western Educational Heritage (1971); Henri Maspero, China in Antiquity (1978; originally published in French, 1927); J. Eric S. Thompson, The Rise and Fall of Maya Civilization, 2nd enlarged ed. (1966, reprinted 1977); Rudolph Van Zantwijk, The Aztec Arrangement: The Social History of Pre-Spanish Mexico (1985; originally published in Dutch, 1977); and George A. Collier, Renato I. Rosaldo, and John D. Wirth (eds.), The Inca and Aztec States, 1400–1800 (1982). Education in classical cultures
In addition to the treatments offered in the general histories cited above, more information on the topic may be found in Howard S. Galt, A History of Chinese Educational Institutions: To the End of the Five Dynasties, A.D. 960 (1951); Frederick A.G. Beck, Greek Education, 450–350 B.C. (1964), and Album of Greek Education: The Greeks at School and at Play (1975); Stanley F. Bonner, Education in Ancient Rome: From the Elder Cato to the Younger Pliny (1977); M.L. Clarke, Higher Education in the Ancient World (1971); John P. Lynch, Aristotle’s Schooclass="underline" A Study of a Greek Educational Institution (1972); O.W. Reinmuth, The Ephebic Inscriptions of the Fourth Century B.C. (1971); W.H. Stahl, R. Johnson, and E.L. Burge, Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts (1971); Radhakumud Mookerji, Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist, 4th ed. (1969); and Nathan Drazin, History of Jewish Education from 515 B.C.E. to 220 C.E. (1940, reprinted 1979). Education in Persian, Byzantine, early Russian, and Islamic civilizations
Ancient Persian culture and civilization are studied in Maneckji Nusservanji Dhalla, Zoroastrian Civilization (1922, reprinted 1977). Surveys of Byzantine education may be found in Steven Runciman, Byzantine Civilization (1933, reissued 1975); and Norman H. Baynes and Henry St. L.B. Moss (eds.), Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization (1948, reprinted 1969). Special works include Paul Lemerle, Byzantine Humanism, the First Phase: Notes and Remarks on Education and Culture in Byzantium from Its Origins to the 10th Century (1986; originally published in French, 1971); and N.G. Wilson, Scholars of Byzantium (1983). Early Russian education is one of the main topics discussed in Nicholas Hans, The Russian Tradition in Education (1963, reprinted 1973); William K. Medlin and Christos G. Patrinelis, Renaissance Influences and Religious Reforms in Russia: Western and Post-Byzantine Impacts on Culture and Education, 16th–17th Centuries (1971); and Hugh F. Graham, “Did Institutionalized Education Exist in Pre-Petrine Russia?” in Don Karl Rowney and G. Edward Orchard (eds.), Russian and Slavic History (1977), pp. 260–273. Medieval Muslim education and its impact upon Western education is studied in George Makdisi, The Rise of the Colleges: Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West (1981), an authoritative work; and Mehdi Nakosteen, History of Islamic Origins of Western Education, A.D. 800–1350 (1964). The European Middle Ages
Some of the best surveys of medieval European education are contained in the general histories of education listed at the beginning of this bibliography. On elementary and grammar schooling of the period, the first major work was A.F. Leach, The Schools of Medieval England (1915, reprinted 1969). Also important are Joan Simon, Education and Society in Tudor England (1966, reprinted 1979), which also covers the Renaissance and the Reformation; John William Adamson, The Illiterate Anglo-Saxon: And Other Essays on Education, Medieval and Modern (1946, reprinted 1977); and Nicholas Orme, English Schools in the Middle Ages (1973). Higher learning is one of the main topics addressed in R.R. Bolgar, The Classical Heritage and Its Beneficiaries (1954, reprinted 1977); Charles Homer Haskins, The Rise of Universities (1923, reprinted 1976); Hastings Rashdall, The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, new ed., ed. by F.M. Powicke and A.B. Emden, 3 vol. (1936, reprinted 1987), a standard work; Helene Wieruszowski, The Medieval University: Masters, Students, Learning (1966); and Alan B. Cobban, The Medieval Universities: Their Development and Organization (1975). Relevant monographs are William J. Courtenay, Schools & Scholars in Fourteenth-Century England (1987); David Knowles, The Evolution of Medieval Thought, 2nd ed. (1988); and Nancy G. Siraisi, Arts and Sciences at Padua: The Studium of Padua Before 1350 (1973). Education in Asian civilizations, c. 700 to the eve of Western influence
S.M. Jaffar, Education in Muslim India (1936, reprinted 1973), is a vivid documentary account. Narendra Nath Law, Promotion of Learning in India During Muhammadan Rule, by Muhammadans (1916, reprinted 1984 with a new introduction), is informative. Education in China and Japan is discussed in Edward A. Kracke, Civil Service in Early Sung China, 960–1067 (1953, reprinted 1968); R.P. Dore, Education in Tokugawa Japan (1965, reprinted 1984); and Richard Rubinger, Private Academies of Tokugawa Japan (1982). European Renaissance and Reformation