F
fascism, 107, 118n33, 124n67,
140n127, 142, 151-3, 155, 156, 213, 220, 232, 235 foreigners, 7, 80, 101, 102, 130, 190, 192, 194, 195, 197 Freemasons, 95, 113n11, 128, 130,
135n107 French government, 53, 53n82, 76 French language, 52-4, 54n91, 57, 61, 162n14, 194, 245
G
German Esperanto Association, 37,
66, 88, 104, 115, 118 German language, 38, 39, 41n22,
44, 49, 89, 90, 93, 96, 124, 125,162n14, 194, 245 German workers' Esperanto
movement, 70, 71, 88, 97, 98, 118-120, 214, 228, 229 Germany: Esperanto movement in the Weimar Republic, 87-90, 92, 93, 130 Gleichschaltung, 97-104, 130 globalization, 257 Great Purge, 163n20, 231n81
H
Hebrew language, 6, 12 Heroldo de Esperanto, 70, 88, 100, 101, 101n63, 115, 133, 134, 141, 149, 225, 226 Hillelism , 26n88, 27, 28
Homaranismo, 28, 29, 33, 47, 129,
141, 171 Hovevei Zion, 7, 129 human rights, 21, 22, 57, 156,
156n192 Hungary, Esperanto movement in, 73, 74, 81
I
Iazykfront, 262, 262n91, 263, 271,
271n116, 272, 274, 276 Ido, 32, 38n8, 59, 117n26, 163, 164, 250
imperialism, 63, 170n43, 210, 241,
271, 276 internal idea of Esperanto, 29, 30, 33, 55, 76, 77, 96, 111, 149, 152, 155 International Esperanto League
(IEL), 124, 134, 136, 143, 150-3
internationalism , 33, 38, 41, 50, 63-5, 76, 79, 83, 89, 91, 96, 143, 155, 171, 208, 216, 235, 237-47, 256, 259, 264, 269, 271, 276 Italy, 51,71, 141-3, 174
J
Japan, 16, 54, 54n91, 55, 61, 68, 72-4, 76n158, 144, 145, 186, 218n40,219 Jews and Judaism, 3-10, 14, 14n47, 19, 22, 25-28, 36, 40, 48n57, 93-5, 101, 103, 105-7, 111, 112, 115, 124-6, 128-32, 135-7, 143, 148-50, 155, 194n135, 246
K
Komsomol, 180, 192, 193, 193n132 Korea, 72, 145
L
language planning, 238, 242n13,
249,261 language policy, 142, 145, 254, 263
Latin, 20n68, 57n103, 59, 60n112, 68, 142
League of Nations, 47-63, 233 letter-writing. See correspondence Lithuania, 17, 17n60, 30, 71
M
Marxism and linguistics,
9, 249, 252-5, 260-3, 270-2, 277 multilingualism, 6, 9, 240, 241
N
nationalism, 25n84, 26, 48, 49, 82, 83, 96, 137, 143, 168, 208n8, 210, 211, 216, 238, 239, 244, 256, 258, 266, 267, 274 nationalities problem, 31n113,
239-241, 244, 258, 259, 265, 266, 269, 270, 274-6
National Socialism, 97, 109, 112,
113, 115, 116 Nazi. See National Socialism Netherlands, 115, 115n18, 119,
134,155,218n40, 242n12 Neue Deutsche Esperanto-
Bewegung, 105-7, 111-3, 113n13, 116-7, 148 neutrality, 9, 20, 24, 25, 28, 30, 39, 41, 46, 64, 71, 78, 81-3, 89, 93, 96, 98, 103, 120, 148-53, 156, 167, 169, 171, 235 Norway, Esperanto movement in , 135
Nuremberg, 13, 37, 87, 93, 94, 135n108
O
Odessa, 7, 15, 15n48 P
pacifism, pacifists, 21, 22, 24, 33,
36, 40, 78, 89, 96, 99, 105, 111, 128, 129, 135 Palestine, 7, 8n24, 9n26 'petty-bourgeois', 172, 190, 200, 201, 216, 223n56, 242, 258, 271 pogroms, 6-8, 8n22, 12, 28, 29, 29n103
Poland, 23, 54n91, 71, 73, 125, 127,
131, 133, 135, 137 Portugal , 138
Proletarian Esperantist International (IPE), 229-236
R
Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), 126n73, 127-9, 131-4, 143, 143n142 Romania, 54, 69, 71, 134n101 Russian Empire, 3, 11, 24n80 Russian language, 5, 7, 8, 11, 25, 198, 245, 262-9, 269n110, 272
S
secret police, 43, 109, 118, 134, 138, 204
Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda (SAT), 64, 71, 73, 77, 82, 98, 117, 118, 120, 141, 152, 163, 164n26, 167-77, 172n52, 174, 181n80, 182-4, 188-91, 196, 197n145, 201, 203-7, 208n8, 209-23, 228, 233, 253, 257, 265n99 sennaciismo, 78, 170n43, 206-9, 216, 218, 219, 222, 223, 233,259, 260n74, 265n100 Sennaciulo (periodical), 173, 183,
184, 186, 188-91, 196, 197, 200, 201, 206, 207, 211, 212, 215, 220, 221, 223 socialism, 30, 67, 89, 159, 164, 165, 187, 189, 195, 202, 204, 208, 209, 214, 224, 231, 237, 238, 241, 243, 244, 247-9, 255-7, 264, 269 Soviet Esperantist Union (SEU), 14n47, 165-87, 192, 194-206, 211-17, 220-34, 235n101, 247, 250, 251,
253, 254, 255n61, 257, 262, 263n93, 266-71, 273, 274n122 Soviet patriotism, 275 Spain, Esperanto movement in ,
115n18, 139, 140 SS (Schutzstaffel), 113, 117, 121,
121n48, 123, 124n66, 136, 153. See also Reich Security Main Office (RSHA)
T
Taiwan, 72, 145
teaching of Esperanto, 44n38, 51, 55, 56, 60, 68, 94, 138, 145, 162n13, 269 tourism, 24, 69, 181, 184, 194 Tsarist regime, 10, 11, 14, 17, 46n46
U
Ukraine, 193, 204, 215, 258, 259, 265, 265n100, 266n102, 274, 275
Ukrainian language, 215, 258, 259,
265n100 UNESCO, 61n116 United States of America, 8n24, 38,
68, 193, 218n40 Universal Esperanto Association
(UEA), 32, 33, 41, 49-51, 60, 63, 64, 82, 83, 101, 102, 102n67, 105, 117, 130,148-53, 148n163, 155, 156, 170, 175, 175n58,233
W
Warsaw, 5, 5n6, 8, 8n23, 10, 12, 48, 101, 125-7, 127n75, 129, 137, 152, 155 workers' movement , 68, 97, 98, 118, 138, 170, 173, 177, 188, 212, 216, 218, 223n56 World Congress of Esperanto, 29, 37, 45, 54, 55, 67n129, 69, 78, 81, 87, 93, 100-3, 117n24, 123, 141, 142, 148, 152, 153, 171
world language, 20, 31, 40, 58, 72, 80, 90, 92, 95, 121, 124n67, 129, 149, 164n26, 240n10, 241, 245, 248-52, 256-8, 260-2, 264, 269, 271-3, 275-7 world revolution, 77, 160, 181,
193, 209, 243, 260 World War I, 33, 40, 44, 46 49n66,
87, 89, 93, 153, 242 World War II, 26, 62n119, 124, 152, 153, 236
Y
Yiddish, 6n12, 8, 10-12 Yugoslavia, 71, 73, 81, 145, 146, 153n180, 162n13
Z
Zionism, 3n1, 7, 8, 9n26, 22, 48, 95, 137, 143
^DavidVital, The OriginsofZionism,, Oxford: ClarendonPress, 1975, p. 30 (situationin 1880).
37 Hvorostin (1972): 37-46, 79-88; see also Holzhaus (1969), pp. 274-317. On the development of the Esperanto movement under censorship in Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union, see the Russian-language study by D.V. Vlasov, Esperanto: polveka tsenzury (Esperanto: a half-century under censorship) Moscow: Impeto, 2011, and also his Istoriia primeneniia esperanto v Rossii:
45Hvorostin (1972), p. 38. On experiences with the Tsarist censorship we also have the remem- brances of the Russian pioneers Gernet and Deviatnin: L. Ivn, 'Ad fontes. Intervjuo kun k-do V Gernet', Sennacieca RRevuo 4/8 (1926-27): 166-7. On obscurities in the interview, see Canko
57 PVZ III 215-220; Holzhaus (1969), pp. 285-6.
63 Maksimiljano Blassberg, 'D-ro Benedikto Dybowski', Esperanto 19 (1923): 201-2. Dybowski was ultimately condemned to several years of exile in Siberia.
69 Possibly Zamenhof himself intentionally led people to believe that this was so: Ito Kanzi (1982), p. 109; see also Korjenkov (2011), p. 140. The document appeared first under the pseudonym Unuel, in Fundamenta Krestomatio (1903), later reprinted in Orig II 973-1026. On its significance see Marc Bavant, 'Kritika retrorigardo al la "tezoj" de Esenco kaj estonteco , in Blanke & Lins (2010),
pp. 415-25.
93 So called by Bourlet, according to Waringhien (1948), vol. 1, p. 175.
100 A. Dombrovski, 'Kelkaj rimarkoj pri hilelismo', Ruslanda Esperantisto 2 (1906): 49-50; 'Kio do estas la homaranismo', Ruslanda Esperantisto 2 (1906): 133-5, reprinted in La neforgeseblaj kon- gresoj, Kyoto: Ludovikito, 1984, pp. 134-6, 139-44; L. de Beaufront, in LEsperantiste 9 (1906): 65-7, 86, partially reprinted in Waringhien (1948), vol. 1, pp. 257-8, 262, 277-8. For Zamenhof's replies see: Orig II 1729-39, 1768-71.