[27] Orig I 138.
[28] Aldono al la Dua Libro de l Lingvo Internacia (1888), Orig I 190.
[29] Orig I 188.
[30]First Book (Unua Libro), Orig I 83.
^Maimon (1978), pp. 143-9, 151-9; Holzhaus (1969), pp. 7-18.
[32] Z. Adam (Adam Zakrzewski), Historio de Esperanto 1887-1912, Warsaw: Gebethner & Wolf, 1913 (reprinted Warsaw: Pola Esperanto-Asocio, 1979), p. 10.
[33]Reinhard Bendix, Kings or People. Power and the Mandate to Rule, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 543. On Tsarist censorship generally, see Charles A. Ruud, Fighting Words: Imperial Censorship and the Russian Press, 1804-1906, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982. See also Heinz-Dietrich Lowe, Thje Tsars and the Jews: Reform, Reaction and Anti-Semitism in Imperial Russia, 1772-1917, Chur, Switzerland: Harwood, 1983.
Pechat, radioveshchanie, perepiska, samizdat (History of the application of Esperanto in Russia: press, radio, correspondence, samizdat), Moscow: Impeto, 2014.
[35] Facsimile and Esperanto translation in Holzhaus (1969), pp. 292—305, 310—12.
[36] Hvorostin (1972), p. 38; Holzhaus (1969), pp. 306-13.
[37]Maimon (1978), pp. 152-6. Korjenkov (2011), pp. 51-4, questions Maimon's analysis.
[38] Letter to Vladimir Majnov, Orig I 411.
[39]The definite article was dropped from the title of the journal as ofApril 1892.
[40]Waringhien (1990), p. 18.
[41] Hvorostin (1972), p. 39.
Murgin, 'Lumo sur iom nebulitan epizodon', Bulgara Esperantisto 46 (1977): 8-9; V.N. Devjatnin, 'El rememoroj de malnova esperantisto', La Nova Etapo 1 (1932): 125-7.
[43]Drezen (1931b), pp. 85-6.
[44] Cf. David L. Gold, 'Towards a study of possible Yiddish and Hebrew influence on Esperanto', in Istvan Szerdahelyi (ed.), Miscellanea Interlinguistica, Budapest: Tankonyvkiado, 1980, pp. 300-67 (esp. pp. 311-12). According to Garvia (2015), p. 76, of the 919 Russians listed in the first address list (1889) 64 % lived in the so-called Pale of Settlement. Esther Schor has observed that in this address list almost 200 of these Esperantists had Jewish names (personal communication, 4 March 2015). According to statistics kept by the Soviet Esperantist Union (SEU), the percentage of Jews among its members exceeded 11 % (Bulteno de CKSEU 11 [1932]: 71). The total for the whole population was only 2.4 %.
[45] Gernet, a pioneer of Esperanto in Odessa, was expelled from the university and arrested for anti- government activity.
[46] Ivn, p. 167.
[47] Letter of 9 May 1894, printed in Esperantisto 5 (1894): 99-100; PVZIII 182-3. Cf. Boris Kolker, 'Lev Tolstoj kaj la Internacia Lingvo', Esperanto71 (1978): 172-5.
[48]Text of the (secret) document in G. Demidiuk, '"Esperanto - vovse ne iazyk!'" ('Esperanto is in no way a language!'), Izvestiia TsKSESR 6 (1928): 330-3 (citation p. 332).
[49] Esperantisto 6 (1895): 27.
[50]The article is in the form of a letter from Tolstoy to Anna Germanovna Rozen, 8 December 1894. It appears in L.N. Tolstoy, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 67, pp. 274-7.
[51]'Reason and Religion', in Leo Tolstoy, Essays and Letters, trans. Aylmer Maude, London: Grand Richards, 1903, p. 159. Cf. Esperantisto 6 (1895): 28-30 (citing p. 30); Holzhaus (19692, pp. 284-5.
[52] Esperantisto 6 (1895): 31.
[53] Esperantisto 6 (1895): 44, 48.
[54] In December 1895 in Uppsala, a new journal, Lingvo Internacia, was launched. Until the First World War it was the principal organ of the Esperantists. Later, in 1912, Posrednik published a booklet containing several of Tolstoy's works in Esperanto translation.
[55] Ivan Kulakov, 'Leo Tolstoj, Esperanto kaj rusia gendarmaro', Paco, 1983, GDRedition, pp. 31-2 (including a reproduction of the instruction to the local gendarmes in Voronezh).
[56]The author was the Catholic priest Aleksandras Dambrauskas (Dombrovski), condemned in 1889 to five years' internal exile in northern Russia for forbidding his Catholic pupils from obeying an order to attend services in the Russian Orthodox church. Until his death in 1938 he played an outstanding part in the Esperanto movement and general cultural life of Lithuania: J. Petrulis, 'Unuaj esperantistoj en Litovio', Horizonto de Soveta Litovio, 1971, 2: 14; Kl. Naudzius, 'Cu vere peripetioj?', lomnibuso 9 (1972), 6 (52): 4. See also A. Dombrovski, Malgrandajpensojprigrandaj demandoj. Artikolaro kaj leteraro, Kovno: Sokolovski & Estrin, 1908.
[57] It was only after the Second World War that it was discovered that his real name was Louis Chevreux. See T. Carlevaro, 'La enigmo de Beaufront', Literatura Foiro 7 (1976), 37/38: 10-13; Marcel Delcourt & Jean Amouroux, 'Grandeco kaj dekadenco. Fino de mito', Literatura Foiro 7 (1976), 40: 6-7; 8 (1977), 41: 12.
[58] Lingvo Internacia 10 (1905): 372.
[59] His real name was Leopold Blumental. See Banet-Fornalowa (2003), pp. 14-71.
[60]Kamaryt (1983), pp. 13-20.
[61]Peter Brock, Pacifism in Europe to 1914: Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972, p. 466; Pavel Rosa, Situacio de Esperanto en Slovaka Socialisma Respubliko, Bratislava: Asocio de Esperantistoj en Slovaka Socialisma Respubliko, 1977, pp. 2-5. Skarvan, together with the Russian N.P. Evstifeev, published the first Esperanto textbook for Slovaks, that is a Slovak translation of Fundamento de Esperanto (1907).
[62]Waringhien (1948), vol. 1, p. 3.
[63] Orig II 981. In this work Zamenhof also makes a passionate plea for consideration of the prin- ciple of social equality, contrasting Latin, the language of the higher classes, with Esperanto, a language accessible within a few months to 'even the poorest and least educated peasants' (Orig II 1008).
[64] L. de Beaufront, 'El Francujo', Lingvo Internacia 2 (1897): 145-8 (quoted from p. 147). Rene Lemaire made a similar argument: 'Le mouvement esperantiste et le mouvement pacifique', UEsperantiste 1 (1898): 86-8, 111-3.
[65] His well-known work was also published in Esperanto translation as La juda ŝtato. Provo de mod- erna solvo de la judaproblemo, Budapest: Literatura Mondo, 1934.
[66] Waringhien (1948), vol. 1, p. 24, claims that de Beaufront and Bourlet were opposed to Dreyfus, while Sebert, Moch and Emile Javal defended him.
[67] 'Generalajobservojprilaregularo [deSocietoEsperantistaporlaPaco]', Espero Pacifista 1 (1905): 26-27. According to Moch, it was dangerous 'to present to the people a double "utopia"'.
[68] Listed among the members of the Esperantist Society for Peace, founded in 1905, are the leading French Esperantists Boirac, Bourlet, Cart, Chavet, Fruictier, Grosjean-Maupin, Javal, Sebert and
Michaux.
[69] 'Generalaj observoj', p. 27.
[70] L. de Beaufront, 'Pri la Tutmonda Ligo Esperantista', reprinted in La neforgeseblaj kongresoj : Kyoto: Ludovikito, 1984, pp. 42-8 (quotation p. 42). We should note, however, that the reasons for de Beaufronts opposition were more complicated: see Waringhien (1948), vol. 1, pp. 143, 156, 166 and following.
^Bein (pen name Kabe), one of the greatest Esperanto stylists, was exiled for several years as a young man because of anti-Russian activities. (In 1911 he left the Esperanto movement.)
[72]Kongresinto (Pierre Boulet), 'La Kongreso en Boulogne-sur-Mer', reprinted in La neforgeseblaj kongresoj, pp. 72-100 (quotation p. 91).