[185] A full version of the report appears in Nitobe (1998).
[186]Nitobe (1998), p. 65.
[187] Nitobe (1998), p. 77.
[188] Huber (1973), p. 59.
[189] Quoted in Lescure (1999), p. 694. Several of Allize's formulations later reappeared in Berard's decree.
[190] Huber (1973), pp. 60-2. On the context see Lescure (1999), pp. 695-9; Privat (1963), pp. 75-8; Mohammad Farrokh, La pensee et Uaction dEdmond Privat (1889-1962). Contribution a lhistoire des idees politiques en Suisse, Berne: Lang, 1991; Tomasz Chmielik, 'Edmond Privat (1889-1962) kaj lia agado por la sendependigo de Polujo dum la unua mondmilito (1914-1918)', in Haupenthal (2011), pp. 59-97. A summary article on Privat appears in Kunzli (2006), pp. 539-46.
[191] Quoted by Lescure (1999), pp. 698-9.
[192]The text of the circular appeared in LeMonde esperantiste 15 (1922), 3 (125): 18. On the reac- tions of the French press see A. Frechas, 'Les gens d'esprit', Le Monde esperantiste 15 (1922), 4 (126), pp. 25-8.
[193] Quoted in Lescure, p. 707.
[194] The text of the letter from Berard to the Human Rights League appeared in Le Monde esperantiste 16 (1923), 1 (129): 1; cf. Panchasi (2009), p. 155. In May 1923, Berard declared Latin a compul- sory subject in secondary schools; this decree was canceled by his successor. Later Berard became a member of the French Academy and (under the Vichy regime) ambassador to the Vatican.
[195] Esperanto as an International Auxiliary Language, Geneva: League of Nations, 1922, pp. 31-2.
[196] Contre loctroi dupatronage de la Societe des Nations a lEsperanto, Geneva, 1922.
[197] Quotations from the summary in Esperanto 18 (1922): 166.
[198] Edmond Privat, Federala sperto. Studopri du sukcesoj kaj unu malsukceso, The Hague: Universala Ligo, 1958, p. 71.
[199]Privat (1963), p. 97.
[200] Cf. Ivo Lapenna, 'The common language question before international organizations', LaMonda Lingvo-Problemo 2 (1970): 83-102 (esp. p. 98). The 'need for direct communication between uneducated or imperfectly educated individuals in different countries' was also denied by a report (30 December 1921) of the Committee on an International Language of the American Philological Association. Since such communication should be 'through leaders and representatives', the 'real desideratum', according to the report, was for a language 'which will satisfy the intellectual and aesthetic demands of educated people of every land, and that language can hardly be any but Latin' (Proceedings of the American Philological Association 52 [1921]: xiii).
[201] Quoted by Privat, 'Esperanto ^e la Ligo', p. 59.
[202] Privat (1927/1982), vol. 2, p. 146.
[203] Quoted by Privat, 'Esperanto ^e la Ligo', p. 59.
[204] F.P. Walters, A History ofthe League ofNations, London: Oxford University Press, 1960, vol. 1, p. 193. The Commissions significance was diminished in 1926 when its executive organ became the Paris-based International Institute for Intellectual Collaboration, with financial support from France; its first director was Julien Luchaire. In 1946 it was replaced by UNESCO.
[205] We should note that, behind the scenes, the British government also sought to avoid an expres- sion of official support for Esperanto by the League: Huber (1973), pp. 87-90; Hilary Chapman, 'The British Governments view of Edmond Privat and the League of Nations', EAB Update, 2009, 46 (July-Sep.): 7-8, 10. The educational authorities in Britain were more favorably disposed towards Esperanto, while the ministry of foreign affairs was completely opposed: Haimin Wung- Sung (2011), p. 38.
[206] Contre loctroi, p. 7; cf. Panchasi (2009), p. 155.
[207]Letter to Abbe Ricard, 5 June 1923; quoted in Huber (1973), p. 100. In his memoirs, de Reynold writes that the Commission, while still barely established, experienced 'the attack of total utopians and integral internationalists, namely the Esperantists': G. de Reynold (1963), Mes memoires, Tome 3: Les cercles concentriques, Geneva: Editions Generale, p. 452. After the Second World War (in which he favored a victory by Hitler) de Reynold continued his agitation against Esperanto.
[208] Edmond Privat, 'Idealo kaj realigo', Esperanto 18 (1922): 121.
[209] See Bon voisinage. Edmond Privatet Romain Rolland. Lettres et documents presentes et annotes par Pierre Hirsch, Neuchatel & Paris: A la Baconniere & Albin Michel, 1977; Edmond Privat, Vivo de Gandhi, La Laguna: J. Regulo, 1967.
[210] See Die WahrheitinsAusland durch Esperanto. Stimmen desAuslands uber den Krieg, Leipzig: Ortsverband der Leipziger Esperantogruppen, 1915. From November 1914 to January 1919, 60 issues of Internacia Bulteno, the 'German newsletter on the war', were published by the German Esperanto Service in Berlin.
[211]Albert Steche, Die Bedeutungder Welthilfssprache 'Esperanto fŭr das deutsche Volk in Kriegund Frieden, Leipzig: Ortsverband der Leipziger Esperanto-Gruppen, 1915, p. 23.
[212]Zimmermann (1915), pp. 14-15.
[213] Cited in Guerard (1922), pp. 185-7.
[214] Steche was vice president of the Union of Saxon Industrialists (1905-20) and a member of the Saxon parliament (1909-18). He also served as a member of the board of the Hansa League, an influential alliance founded in 1909 by industrialists opposed to the influence of extreme conserva- tives in German political and economic life.
[215] Steche (1922), p. 20.
[216] Edmond Privat, 'La 15 Decembro 1859', Esperanto 17 (1921): 201. In 1924, the 16th World Congress of Esperanto in Vienna unanimously accepted a resolution declaring that 'the congress is in no sense a bourgeois or workers' congress, but a neutral congress of Esperantists of all classes': Esperanto 20 (1924): 148.
[217] F. Leuschner, 'Wir und die Burgerlichen', Der Arbeiter-Esperantist 8 (1922), 9: 10.
[218] Steche (1922), p. 20.
[219] Paul Bennemann, 'Das Esperanto und die Schulbehorden', Das Esperanto ein Kulturfaktor, vol. 8. Festschrift anlasslich des 17. Deutschen Esperanto-Kongresses, Berlin: Deutscher Esperanto-Bund, 1928, p. 55.
[220] See Vilmos Benczik, 'Julio Baghy, mitoj kaj realo', Sennacieca Revuo, 1969, 97: 42-52; Marjorie Boulton, Poeto fajrakora. La verkaro de Julio Baghy, Saarbrucken: Iltis, 1983.
[221] See Teo Jung's memoirs: Jung (1979).
[222] Polizeiprasidium Leipzig, Esperantosprachliche Dienststelle, den 22. Februar 1924. Jurgen Hamann kindly made available the photo reproduction of this and other material now preserved in the Staatsarchiv, Leipzig.
[223] Cf. Otto Bassler, 'Fortschrittliche Traditionen', DerEsperantist2 (1966), 5/6 (Apr./May): 33-4.
[224] Sennaciulo 4 (1927/28): 149; 5 (1928/29): 258,456.
[225] Givoje (1965), chap. 8.
[226] Sennaciulo 2 (1925/26), 27 (79): 4.
[227] Sennaciulo 2 (1925/26), 35 (87): 6.
[228] Sennaciulo 1 (1924/25),41: 8.
[229]Mine Yositaka, 'Skizo pri la vivo de V. Ero^enko', in La tundro gemas. Verkoj de V. Erosenko, Toyonaka: Japana Esperanta Librokooperativo, 1980, pp. 69—70. Works by and about Eroshenko have been published in Esperanto, Japanese, Chinese, Ukrainian, and Russian. See also the chapter "Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism, and Colonial Hierarchy: Chinese Responses to Russell, Eroshenko, and Tagore", in Xiaoqun Xu, Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism, and Individualism in Modern China: The Chenbao Fukan and the New Culture Era, 1918—1928, Lanham and others: Lexington Books, 2014, pp. 53—71 (esp. 62—71).