[442]Note by RSHA (VII B 4), 11 November 1941, Bundesarchiv, R 58/7430, fol. 75-6; cf. Hall & Kostner (2006), p. 385.
[443] Note by RSHA (VII B 4), 11 September 1941, Bundesarchiv, R 58/7430, fol. 73.
[444] Ligilo, 25 August 1939; quoted in Esperanto 35 (1939): 34.
[445]Kamaryt (1983), p. 69.
[446] As is well known, in June 1942 Heydrich was assassinated, after which the Nazis massacred the inhabitants of the village of Lidice.
[447] Kamaryt (1983), pp. 76-81, lists the names of 37 victims.
[448] RSHA (compilation of Koch, 17 May 1940), Bundesarchiv, R 58/6221b, fol. 102; Heroldo de Esperanto 21 (1940), 9 (1049): 3. See also Esperanto Internacia 4 (1940): 97-9.
[449] Hachmeister (1998), p. 223.
[450] RSHA to the Security Police in the Hague, 2 July 1940, Bundesarchiv, R 58/6221b, fol. 104. In October 1936 Jung and his newspaper moved from Cologne to Scheveningen in the Netherlands. From then on, Heroldo was also organ of IEL.
[451] Heroldo continued to appear regularly until 1 May 1940. There followed two 'wartime' editions (1 Dec 1940 and 15 March 1941).
[452] Personal communication from the Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, Amsterdam, 14 March 1969. See also 'La verda stelo brilis en la mallumo. Esperantista vivo en la okupita Nederlando', La Praktiko 11 (1946): 87; according to Borsboom (2003), p. 185, this article was written by Jan Dercks.
[453] Loe de Jong, HetKoninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 5. Maart'41—Juli' 42, eerste helft, The Hague: Staatsuitgeverij, 1974, p. 416. As of 1941, Schwier was also head of the Ommen concentration camp.
[454]Andreo Cseh, 'La Ce Instituto dum la milito', Esperanto Internacia 9 (1945): 57-9 (quoting p. 57); cf. Borsboom (2003), pp. 182-6. Schwier wrote a book on the Freemasons as an 'organiza- tion hostile to the people' in which were reproduced, among other things, membership cards of the Universala Framasona Ligo: W. Schwier, Vrijmetselarij, een volksvijandige organizatie, Amsterdam: Westland, 1941. In 1967 the Dutch government sent to the Federal Republic of Germany a list of 658 people suspected of war crimes; the list included Schwier's name: Nederlanda Esperantisto 32 (1967): 75. Schwier died in 1971, unconvicted.
[455] Cf. Der Prozess gegen die Hauptkriegsverbrecher vor dem Internationalen Militdrgerichtshof, Nŭrnberg, 14. November 1945—1. Oktober 1946, Nuremberg: International Military Tribunal, 1947, vol. 25, pp. 252-3. The confiscation of libraries of international organizations for this pur- pose was led by the so-called Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce, which received from Hitler in July 1940 the task of securing in the occupied territories materials from all organizations whose world view was hostile to Nazism.
[456] Pierre Petit, '50-monata esperantista propagando sub germana okupado', Esperanto Internacia 9
(1945): 3-5.
[457]Arnfinn Jensson, 'Norvega Esperantista Ligo dum la milito', Esperanto Internacia 9 (1945): 78.
[458] K.T. Hansen, 'En Danujo dum la milito', Esperanto Internacia 9 (1945): 87. See also Ulrich Lins, 'Danoj eskapis persekuton. Pri la observemo de Gestapo/SS kaj la spitemo de esperantistoj', Beletra
Almanako 9 (2015), 22: 65-73.
[459] Tra densa mallumo (1942), pp. 27, 25. One of the authors, the seed pathologist Paul Neergaard, had earlier published an Esperanto-language work opposing racism: Scienco kaj pseŭdoscienco pri heredo kaj raso. Populara skizo, Paris: Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda, 1937.
[460] E. Cortvriendt, 'Flandra Ligo Esperantista dum la milito', Esperanto Internacia 9 (1945): 88-9; 'Verda standardo—malgrau Hitler', American Esperantist 60 (1945): 111-12.
[461] Pierre Jayer, '"Pro Esperanto", Memoro pri Gustav Weber', manuscript, 1966. Another former museum collaborator, the Bahai Hugo Maier, also perished. Because of his Jewish ancestry he was deported in August 1942 to the Nazi death camp Maly Trostinec in Belarus: Hall & Kostner (2006), p. 386.
[462] Mieczys!:aw Sygnarski, 'Kion opinias la junularo pri Esperanto?', Internacia Pedagogia Revuo 17 (1938), 1: 6-14 (quoting pp. 11, 13).
[463] ESTO, '29-a Universala Esperanto-Kongreso en Varsovio', Sennaciulo 14 (1937/38): 2.
[464]Georgo Verda (Izrael Lejzerowicz), 'La Jubilea', Literatura Mondo 7 (1937): 97-100 (quoting p. 99).
[465] Sennaciulo 14 (1937/38): 23, 88; 15 (1938/39): 78.
[466] Scienca Revuo 2 (1950): 27.
[467] 'Esperanta kaj portugala lingvoj', Revista Portuguesa de Esperanto 1 (1973), 5/6 (Nov./Dec.): 14.
[468] Esperanto 42 (1949): 48, 149.
[469] Heroldo de Esperanto 31 (1955) 15 (1221): 2.
[470] Revista Portuguesa de Esperanto 2 (1974): 101.
[471] Lingvo Internacia 10 (1905): 564; Francesc Poblet i Feijoo, Els inicis del movimentesperantista a Catalunya / La komenca esperanto-movado en Katalunio, Sabadelclass="underline" Associacio Catalana d'Esperanto, 2004, pp. 26, 90.
[472] EdE, pp. 216-20. In the beginning, the principal force behind Esperanto in Catalonia was the writer Frederic Pujula i Valles, one of the leaders of the Catalan nationalist movement. Because of an article in an Esperanto magazine that was critical of Spanish soldiers he was obliged to flee to France at the end of1905, remaining there for several years: Lingvo Internacia 11 (1906): 150; EdE, pp. 217, 458-9. Beginning in 1911, almost every year the Catalan Esperantist Federation orga- nized literary competitions, the so-called International Floral Games, in which Esperanto authors from various countries competed: details in Francesc Poblet i Feijoo & Hector Alos i Font (ed.), Historia de Uesperanto als paisos catalans. Recull d'articles / Historio de esperanto en la kataluna land- aro. Artikolkolekto, Sabadelclass="underline" Associacio Catalana d'Esperanto, 2010.
[473] EdE, pp. 219-20. The first edition of Kataluna Antologio, published in 1925, was one of the causes of the harassment.
[474] Between November 1936 and January 1939, 44 issues of this 'international information bulletin on the Spanish struggle against fascism' appeared.
[475] Also the anti-Stalinist (not Trotskyist) Workers' Party of the Marxist Unification (POUM) in Barcelona published an Esperanto bulletin in 1937, La Hispana Revolucio. On the polemics, see, among other sources, Popola Fronto 2 (1937), 22: 7; 3 (1938), 36: 3; Informa Bulteno 2 (1937), 7: 3; 8: 4; Sennaciulo 14 (1937/38): 35, 68-9.
[476]Franz Haiderer, 'La Internaciaj Brigadoj kaj la esperantistoj', Der Esperantist 10 (1974), 5/6 (67/68): 10-12.
[477] Haiderer, p. 11; La Socialisto 11 (1937), 1 (May): 5.
[478] Sur Posteno 4 (1937), 49 (Jan.): 5.
[479]See the article on Mangada by Jose Antonio del Barrio, Libera Folio: http://www.liberafolio. org/2012/vizagoj-julio-mangada-la-esperantista-donkihoto/?searchterm=mangada.
[480]Jung (1979), p. 195. The Esperantist was the lawyer Andres Pino Alegret, of Valencia, who was also a socialist member of parliament. The most detailed study of the subject to date is Jose Antonio del Barrio Unquera & Ulrich Lins, 'La dangera lingvo en la hispana civitana milito': http://www. liberafolio.org/2006/civitanamilito; also in Poblet i Feijoo & Alos i Font, pp. 67-80, 303-15.