[481] Esperanto 40 (1947): 114-15.
[482] Esperanto 42 (1949): 23.
[483] Franz Thierfelder, SprachpolitikundRundfunk, Berlin: v. Decker, 1941, pp. 38-9.
[484]According to Sennaciulo 12 (1935/36): 33.
[485] Sennaciulo 14 (1937/38): 82.
[486]According to Esperanto 35 (1939): 11.
[487] 'La plej stulta argumento', Esperanto Internacia 3 (1939): 321.
[488] Roma Fascista, 9 October 1941; quoted by Gianfranco Cardone, Il movimento esperantista cat- tolico in Italia. Storia dei rapporti fra stato e chiesa, doctoral dissertation, University of Turin 1973/74, p. 179. We should remember that the Nazi RSHA, in an internal communication in September 1941, noted that the Esperanto movement would have to disappear from all countries that underwent the German 'reorganization of Europe'.
[489]Theodor Koch commented for the Gestapo: 'Fascist Italy spreads the language of the world rule for which the Jews are striving!' Note of 7 April 1938, Bundesarchiv, R 58/384, fol. 136.
[490] Esperanto Internacia 5 (1941): 37. On this and other details see Minnaja (2007), pp. 87-90, 92.
[491] Ratkai (2010), p. 87.
[492] Pechan (1979), p. 96. Leading Esperantists also protested against the anti-Jewish law of 1938: Ratkai (2010), p. 94.
[493] Note for the Gestapo from Theodor Koch, 11 April 1940, Bundesarchiv, R 58/6221b, fol. 98.
[494] Pechan (1979), p. 108. Among them was the Jewish dentist Jozsef Takacs, for many years the secretary of HES, murdered in October 1944.
[495] Atanas D. Atanasov, 'Esperanto en dummilita Bulgarujo', Esperanto Internacia 9 (1945): 79.
[496] Nik. Nikolov, 'Esperanto—35 jarojn en Radio Sofia', Esperanto 63 (1970): 102 (interview with Kiril Drazhev).
[497] Such entanglement befell the Esperanto journal Tempo, published in Kyoto from 1934 to 1940. Tempo was basically liberal (several issues were banned), but as of 1937 it increasingly sought to justify the missionary declarations of Japanese expansion into Asia. See the reprint of the complete series, with afterwords by Nozima Yasutaro & Ulrich Lins, Nagoya: Eldona Societo de Nagoya Esperanto-Centro, 1982.
[498] Inoue Masuzo, 'Daitoa kensetsu to esuperanto' (The building of East Asia and Esperanto), La Revuo Orienta 23 (1942): 65-7 (esp. p. 66).
[499] Konkordo (Zagreb) 1 (1922), 1 (April): 1; cf. Givoje (1965), chap. 5.
[500]Givoje (1965), chap. 4; cf. EeP, p. 646.
[501]Zlatnar (1976), p. 12.
[502] See Josip Pleadin, 'Kritika analizo de la revuo La Suda Stelo\ in Haupenthal (2011), pp. 317-28.
[503]The texts of the lectures of Jakob Stefancic and Rudolf Rakusa appeared in La Suda Stelo 2 (1933): 101-2 and 115-16.
[504] Leo Kun, 'Post la beograda kongreso', La Suda Stelo 2 (1933): 77.
[505] Postcard from B.E.J. Zieck Jr., Scheveningen, 30 Sept. 1932, and postcard in reply from Robert Kreuz for ICK, 11 Oct. 1932 (in the UEA archive).
[506] H.J. (Hans Jakob), 'Esperantistaj problemoj. La neutraleco', Esperanto 29 (1933): 160-1 (quota- tions p. 161).
[507] Hans Jakob, 'Esperantismaj problemoj. I. Nia ideologio', Esperanto 39 (1946): 10.
[508] E.W. (Ernst Wichert), 'La germana vidpunkto pri la rasproblemo', Esperanto 30 (1934): 169. UEA's vice president was the German banker Anton Vogt, who as early as 1927 was a sympathizer of the Nazi party. Wilhelm Frick was the Nazi Minister for Internal Affairs. See Sikosek (2006),
p. 133.
[509]Lidja Zamenhof, 'Nia misio', Esperanto 30 (1934): 166-7; reprinted in Amouroux (2008), pp. 134-7.
[510] Letter from H. Dijkema (Rotterdam), 30 October 1933: La Dua Jarcento 1 (1995), 1: 5.
[511] Heroldo de Esperanto 18 (1937), 44 (951): 1; cf. Jung (1979), p. 262.
[512] H.J., 'Kalejdoskopo de l' esperantismo. La kontraujudismo', Esperanto 29 (1933): 74.
[513] In April 1947 the two organizations reunited, under the name UEA, but essentially with the organizational structure of IEL.
[514] Ivo Lapenna, 'La malneutrala "neutraleco" ', La Suda Stelo 6 (1937): 9-10.
[515] Ivo Lapenna, 'La dangero unuigas', La Suda Stelo 6 (1937): 25-6 (quotations p. 26).
[516] See the chapter on Lapenna in Lins (2008), pp. 75-112.
[517]Georgo Verda, 'La Jubilea', Literatura Mondo 7 (1937): 98. On this event a fascist radio station in Salamanca later reported: 'The Bolshevik congress of the Jewish language Esperanto, in Warsaw, heard a revolutionary telegram from the red government in Catalonia. The participants, Bolsheviks and Jews, applauded loudly.' See Popola Fronto 2 (1937), 22: 1.
[518] ESTO, '29-a Universala Esperanto-Kongreso en Varsovio', Sennaciulo 14 (1937/38): 2-3.
[519] Lins (2008), pp. 77-8.
[520] H.J., 'For la iluzion!', Esperanto 34 (1938): 69.
[521]'Milito kaj esperantismo', Esperanto 35 (1939): 30.
[522] La Suda Stelo 8 (1939): 62; see also Bude Borjan, 'Esperanto atakata—Esperanto batalanta', as above, pp. 61-2.
[523] Letter of Ivo Lapenna; quoted in Esperanto Internacia 8 (1944): 54-5.
[524] Of those Esperantists who escaped arrest, the majority joined the Movement of National Liberation and its partisan detachments. From the information available, it seems that 340 Esperantists from 90 locations in Yugoslavia fell in battle or were killed in prison or concentration camps; of these, 37 were later proclaimed 'people's heroes'. See Vokoun (1976), p. 7.
[525] For examples of rescue thanks to meetings with Esperantists, see American Esperanto Magazine 67 (1953): 83; Sennaciulo 25 (1954), 5: 3; Germana Esperanto-Revuo 8 (1955): 94; Paco 4 (1956), 34/35: 16; La Libera Esperantisto, 1961, no. 60, p. 7. The Austrian Karl Nell was freed from the Buchenwald concentration camp when a British Esperantist signed a guarantee on his behalf: ELNA Newsletter, 1986, July-August, p. 4.
[526]Vokoun (1976), pp. 76-9; see also Francisko Haiderer, 'Esperanto en la koncentrejo', Austria Esperanto-Revuo 30 (1975), 10/12: 11-12.
[527] Janusz Sulzycki, 'Intervjuo kun numero "P 23407"', Paco, 1979, GDR edition, pp. 12-15.
[528] Personal communication from Felix Epstein, 5 April 1966.
[529]Ludoviko Kokeny, 'ElekTolnai', Hungara Esperantisto 10 (1970), 5: 5.
[530] Letter of Mrs. Ethel Prent, Israela Esperantisto, 1986, 92 (Feb.): 8-9.
[531] Jokubas Skliutauskas, 'Ne nur esperantisto', Litova Stelo 10 (2000), 3: 4-5. Poska is recognized as one of the 'Righteous Among the Nations' honored in the Yad Vashem memorial in Jerusalem.
[532]The Fischers are the parents of the former Federal President ofAustria (in office from 2004 to 2016): see Elisabeth Horvath, Heinz Fischer. Die Biografie, Vienna: K & S, 2009, pp. 19, 25.
[533]Among them are also the well-known German Catholic priest and pacifist Max Josef Metzger. Condemned to death for 'defeatism', he was beheaded in Berlin on 17 April 1944.
[534] About a year and a half later (10 December 1948) the UN General Assembly in Paris accepted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.