[535] Stites (1989), p. 135.
[536] Esperantista Laboristo 1 (1920), 2 (March): 4. The name of the owner was Lopatin.
[537] Esperanto 16 (1920): 32.Accordingtothissource, information onthesubjectappearedin Izvestiia on 16—17 January 1919.
[538]The poster was reproduced in Esperanto 63 (1970): 111.
[539] For a living description of how in 1920 a young Red Army member was recruited for Esperanto, see S.N. Podkaminer, 'Oktobra Revolucio kaj rusia esperantista movado', DerEsperantist 14 (1978),
3 (89): 4.
[540] Pseudonym of A.A. Malinovsky. Published in Esperanto was: A. Bogdanov, Ruga stelo. Fantazia romano, trans. N. Nekrasov & S. Rublev, Leipzig: Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda, 1929.
[541] P.M. Kerzhentsev, 'Mezhdunarodnaia revoliutsiia i proletarskaia kul'tura', Proletarskaia kul'tura, 1919, no. 6; German translation in Richard Lorenz (ed.), Proletarische Kulturrevolution in Sowjetrussland (1917-1921). Dokumente des Proletkult', Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1969, pp. 72-7 (esp. p. 76).
[542]A. Bogdanov, Oproletarskoi kul'ture, Leningrad & Moscow: Kniga, 1924, p. 329. Earlier he had a fairly favorable opinion of Esperanto: see his preface to an article, 'De la filozofio al la organiza scienco', specially written for Sennacieca Revuo. Literatur-scienca aldono 1/3 (1923/24): 83-4. On the context, see Zenovia A. Sochor, Revolution and Culture: The Bogdanov-Lenin Controversy, Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1988, p. 147; Smith (1998), pp. 77-8.
[543] Esperantista Movado, 1920, no. 2 (9): 11.
[544] EdE, p. 590.
[545] Edmond Privat, 'Venkoj de Esperanto', Esperanto 16 (1920): 91; E. Adam, 'Le Bolchevisme et l'Esperanto. La langue de Zamenhof officiellement adoptee par le Gouvernement des Soviets', Le TravailleurEsperantiste, 3rd series, 1 (1920), 3 (Apr.): 1.
[546] Letter to E. Adam, 20 April 1920, in Esperantista Laboristo 1 (1920), 4 (May): 2.
[547]The Second Congress of the Socialist Workers' Party of Yugoslavia, referring specifically to the 'decision' taken by Soviet Russia, accepted a highly supportive resolution in June 1920: Givoje (1965), chap. 4. The founding congress of the French Communist Party, in Paris in May 1920, accepted an expression of support for more teaching of Esperanto, 'a remarkable aid for achieving concord among the peoples and preventing war': Esperantista Laboristo 2 (1921), 6 (17): 10.
[548] Lunacharsky nevertheless declared that the Soviet government allowed the elective learning of Esperanto on an equal basis with the French, German and English languages—according to the testimony of M.S. Valentinov, member of the SEU Central Committee, in Sennacieca Revuo 3 (1921/22), 5 (24): 9.
[549]H.K., 'Kial Esperanto en Rusio malvenkas', Sennacieca Revuo 3 (1921/22), 10: 7. The founders of ESKI were Mikhail Okhitovich (later to become a well-known figure in urban planning) and Drezen, subsequently remembered, against his will, for his role. Apparently their idea was to con- centrate in ESKI the entire Esperanto movement in Soviet Russia: Esperantista Laboristo 2 (1921), 4/5 (15/16): 8; see also E. Drezen, 'En batalo por SEU', in Drezen (1992) , pp. 151-62, esp. pp. 158-9; EdE, p. 123; Solzbacher (1957), pp. 43-4; Fayet (2008), pp. 10, 13.
[550] Esperantista Movado, 1920, no. 2 (9): 10, 15. See also Tono del Barrio, 'Anarhiisto proponis Esperanton al la Komunista Internacio', Sennaciulo 80 (2009), 5/6: 20-2.
[551] The Executive Committee announced the creation of the commission on12 January 1921: Fayet (2008), p. 11.
[552] Esperantista Laboristo 2 (1921), 7/8 (18/19): 12-13; Sennacieca Revuo 3 (1921/22), 1 (20): 12; Jorg Mager 'Die Esperantobewegung in Russland', Der Arbeiter-Esperantist 7 (1921), 10: 49. The draft resolution was initiated by the Swiss Hans Itschner, at the time a member of the Comintern Executive Committee. Among the signers were the Frenchman Boris Souvarine, Jules Humbert- Droz of Switzerland, and Willi Munzenberg of Germany.
[553] Protokoll des III. Kongresses der Kommunistischen Internationale. Moskau, 22. Juni bis 12. Juli 1921, Hamburg: Verlag der Kommunistischen Internationale, 1921 (reprinted Erlangen: Karl- Liebknecht-Verlag, 1973), p. 1057.
[554] Pogany in 1919 was People's Commissar of the Hungarian Republic of Councils. He was a victim of the Great Purge.
[555] The commission declared that first the communist parties should take a position on the question of an auxiliary language: Fayet (2008), p. 12.
[556]Among others, in UHumanite, 28 March 1922; according to Sennacieca Revuo 4 (1922/23), 7/8 (37/38): 23.
[557]E.L., 'Stranga informo', Sennacieca Revuo 3 (1921/22), 10: 8.
[558] 2 Letero de Sovjetlanda Unuigo Esperantista al E. Lanty', 24 June 1922, in Sennacieca Revuo 3 (1921/22), 11/12 (30/31): 18.
[559] E.L., 'Finitala komedio...', SennacieecaRevuo4 (1922/23), 1 (32): 9-10; Lanti (1982),pp. 14-15.
[560] Sennacieca Revuo 4(1922/23), 11/12: 14. In 1924therewashope,foratime, thattheComintern would interest itself in the world language question. Its secretary Bela Kun requested a report on the workers' Esperanto movement. Commissioned by the Communist Fraction of SAT, Lanti wrote this report in French and sent it to Moscow: E.L., 'Publika letero al kompartiaj SAT-anoj', Sennaciulo 8 (1931/32): 138. It seems that the Comintern also inquired into the situation of the Esperanto movement in various countries through their communist parties: letter of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia to R. Burda, 22 March 1926, in Sennaciulo 2 (1925/26), 29 (81): 7. Nothing is known of the result. (The report for the Comintern later appeared as a brochure: E. Lanty, La langue internationale. Ce que tout militant ouvrier doit connaitre de la question, Paris: Federation ouvriere esperantiste, 1925.)
[561] Fayet (2008), p. 14.
[562] Compare the discussion between Lanti and a Russian Communist: Lanti (1982), pp. 48-56.
[563] N. Futerfas, 'Esperanto en Rusio', La Nova Epoko, 1922, no. 1 (June): col. 22.
[564] In Russian: Soiuz Esperantistov Sovetskikh Stran. From 1927 the name was: Sovetrespublikara Esperantista Unio (Soiuz Esperantistov Sovetskikh Respublik: Esperantist Union of the Soviet Republics). Among the founders was the Hungarian army officer Tivadar Schwartz, father of the financier George Soros.
[565] E. Drezen, 'Al la sovetlanda esperantistaro', Esperanta Informilo (Monthlyjournal ofthe Petrograd Esperantist Society), 1921, 2/6 (June/Oct.): 6. A report from a Chinese student in Moscow at the time describes arrests and the temporary closing of Esperanto groups because 'many long-time Esperantists' resisted the effort 'to unite Esperantism and communism' and expressed their opposi- tion to Bolshevism even in letters abroad: Bao Pu, 'La movado de Esperanto en Rusujo', La Verda Lumo 3 (1923/24): 4-6 (quotations p. 5). In addition, see A. Sidorov, 'Amiko de Zamenhof. Devjatnin—esperantisto el Vilno', Litova Stelo 18 (2008), 3: 19-21.
[566]The two collections of principles appeared in Esperanta Informilo, 1921, 2/6 (June/Oct.): 3-6.
[567] Letter from Roman Sakowicz to Hans Jakob, 2 July 1957 (in the UEA archive).
[568] Lanti (1940), p. 179; Borsboom (1976), pp. 11-12, 14. The most sustained contact was with the French writer and philosopher Han Ryner, whose work La veraj interparoladoj de Sokrato (Beauville: SAT-Bro^urservo, 1999) Lanti himself translated into Esperanto.