[604] J.A. Lwunin (Iu. A. L'vunin), 'Zum Briefwechsel zwischen sowjetischen und deutschen Arbeitern und Arbeiterkorrespondenten 1924-1929', Beitragezur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung 19 (1977): 1013.
[605] Drezen, 'Apliku Esperanton!', p. 6.
[606] 'Raporto pri agado de CK SEU dum 1923-1925 jj.', Sovetskii esperantist, 1925: 98.
[607] 'Internacia laborista korespondado' (report by Vladimir Varankin), Protokolo de la Vl-a Kongreso de Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda, Leningrado, 6-10 augusto 1926, supplementary issue of Sennaciulo, November 1926, pp. 17-18. This report indicated that in Smolensk the work was performed by 18 small circles of worker correspondents, of whom 95% wrote directly in Esperanto.
[608] Gr. L'vovich, 'Smolenskii "narkomindel"' (The Smolensk people's commissariat on external affairs), TzvestiiaTslK, 1June 1926;reprintedin Mezhdunarodnyi iazyk, 1926, 17(43): 15. Seealso Sennaciulo 2 (1925/26), 38 (90): 6.
[609] Sovetskii esperantist, 1925: 33; cited in Sennaciulo 1 (1924/25), 26: 7.
[610] P. Kiriushin, 'Cherez Belorussiiu pri pomoshchi esperanto' (Across Belarus using Esperanto), Mezhdunarodnyi iazyk, 1925, 1 (27): 7-8, onArthur Whitham.
[611] R. Nikolskij, 'Unu vespero kaj giaj rezultoj', Mezhdunarodny iazyk, 1925,2 (28): 9,on the Czech Anna Bouda.
[612] W Bennewitz, 'Kun la germana delegacio laborista al Sovetlando', Sennaciulo 1 (1924/25), 52: 1, and several following issues; W. Bennewitz, 'Cu Esperanto estas utila por laboristaro tutmonda?', Mezhdunarodnyi iazyk, 1925, 5 (31): 1-3 (also in Russian). The delegation, which included Willy Bennewitz, was the first of its kind organized by the Communist Party of Germany. See Was sahen 58 deutsche Arbeiter in Russland?, Berlin: Neuer Deutscher Verlag, 1925.
[613] John Nilsson, 'Impresoj el Sovet-Unio', Sennaciulo 1 (1924/25), 48: 4.
[614] 'Kelkaj rezultoj de laboristaj ekskursoj al Sovet-Unio', Sennaciulo 1 (1924/25), 52:4; Kiriushin (1930), pp. 10-12. See also N.V Nekrasov, comp. Tra U.S.S.R. per Esperanto. Malgranda helplibreto por alilanda esperantisto, Moscow & Kazan: La Nova Epoko, 1926.
[615]Paulo Robi^ek, 'Pri lalaboro inter politikaj elmigrintoj', Sovetskii esperantist, 1925: 39. Robicsek, who, like Michalicska, was at the time a member of the SEU Central Committee, was in 1919 deputy people's commissar for postal services in the Hungarian Republic of Councils.
[616] Stefan Michalicska, 'Kiel mi lernis Esperanton', Mezhdunarodnyi iazyk, 1926, 7 (33): 3-4 (also in Russian). Michalicska learned Esperanto in prison in Hungary.
[617]Borbala Szeremi-Toth, 'Perloj el la historio de Esperanto', Hungara Vivo 3 (1963), 1: 10-12. Szatmari (1878-1964) is not the same person as the Hungarian Esperanto author Sandor Szathmari.
[618]Guiheneuf (pseudonym: Yvon or Ivon) worked, among other things, as head administrator of a forest in Khabarovsk. In 1934, having lost his enthusiasm for the Soviet Union he was able to leave the country with his Russian wife and child. Borsboom (1976), pp. 29, 136; J.-L. Panne, 'M. Yvon', in Jean Maitron & Claude Pennetier (ed.), Dictionnaire biographique du mouvement ouvrier fran- gais, Paris: Ed. Ouvrieres, 1993, vol. 43, pp. 403-5; Guiheneuf (2004).
[619] E. Drezen, 'Pri la rezultoj de la V. Kongreso de SAT', Sennaciulo 2 (1925/26), 1 (53): 1.
[620] Sennaciulo 2 (1925/26), 46 (98/99): 4.
[621] Protokolo de la Vl-a Kongreso de Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda, Leningrado, 6-10 augusto 1926, special issue of Sennaciulo, November 1926, p. 13.
[622]N. Barthelmess, 'Ce la laboruloj. Impresoj pri kongresvojago', Sennaciulo 3 (1926/27), 104: 5.
[623] Protokolo de la Vl-a Kongreso, p. 49.
[624] L. Revo, 'Al la proletaj verkistoj esperantistaj!', Sennaciulo 2 (1925/26), 101: 7.
[625] Protokolo de la Vl-a Kongreso, pp. 51-2.
[626] Protokolo de la Vl-a Kongreso, p. 52. Lanti did not attend the congress.
[627] Historio de S.A.T. 1921-1952, Paris: Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda, 1953. p. 40.
[628] Mezhdunarodnyi iazyk, 1926, 13 (39): 7.
[629] Of these, 3400 were personally registered with the SEU Central Committee and regularly received the journal.
[630] 'Pli da atento kaj seriozeco', Biulleten TsKSESR 5 (1926/27): 69-71 (quotation p. 69).
[631] 'Alilanda delegitaro esperantista en Sovetio', Sennaciulo 4 (1927/28): 113-14. SEU's guests were four communists, four social democrats, and three non-affiliated persons.
[632]'Esperanto ^e la Mondkongreso de l' Amikoj de Sovetio', Sennaciulo 4 (1927/28), 116.
[633]These impressions were generally favorable: 'Per propraj okuloj', Sennaciulo 4 (1927/28): 118. In his report, however, the French communist Georges Salan also openly described the negative aspects of Soviet life: 'Impresoj pri Sovetio de okulvidinto, orelaudinto, fingrotusinto', Sennaciulo 4 (1927/28): 135. The report of the Swedish journalist, Einar Adamson, Sub la ruga standardo. Impresoj kaj travivajoj en Sovetio, Goteborg: Sveda Esperanto-Oficejo, 1928, was enthusiastic. The most detailed impressions were described by the well-known Japanese playwright, Akita Ujaku: Wakaki Soveto Roshiya (Young Soviet Russia, Tokyo: Sobunkaku, 1929). This book received consid- erable attention from Japanese intellectuals: see also Ozaki Koji (ed.), Akita Ujaku nikki (Diary of Akita Ujaku), Tokyo: Miraisha, 1965, vol. 2, pp. 36-58. A similar or even greater effect among Chinese intellectuals was later generated by Hu Yuzhi's book, Mosike yinxiang ji (Impressions of Moscow), Shanghai: Xin shengming shuju, 1931, based on a week's stay among Soviet Esperantists; see Sau Bin, 'Hujucz kaj Esperanto', El Popola Cinio, 1986, 3: 7, 9.
[634] Lev Kopelev, writer, literary critic and translator from German, was condemned in 1945 to ten years in a concentration camp for 'compassion towards the enemy'. In January 1981, because of his declarations of sympathy with Andrei Sakharov and other dissidents, while visiting the Federal Republic of Germany he was stripped of his citizenship.
[635] Kopelev (1980), pp. 98-9. For similar memoirs, see Konstantin Paustovsky, The Story ofa Life, trans. Joseph Barnes, New York: Pantheon Books, 1964, p. 170; and L. G. Fisb ejn, 'Kamarado
Esperanto', Nuntempa Bulgario, 1966, 4: v. The recollections of a Bulgarian villager about such correspondence make an interesting comparison: Trifon Hristovski, Mia vivo, trans. Nikola Aleksiev, Sofia: Sofia Pres, 1981, pp. 117-18.
[636] The (unfinished) novel, probablywritten in the mid-1930s, was published only in 1991. English translation: Platonov (2012), esp. pp. 11-14.
[637] See for example the articles of Kiriushin and Nikolsky in Izvestiia Ts.K. SESR 5 (1926/27): 15-20, 25-26, 254-6.
[638]P. Kirjusin, 'Kion ni atendas de niaj korespondantoj?', Sennaciulo 3 (1926/27), 109: 6.
[639] Mark Starr, 'Pri edukado en Sovetio', Sennaciulo 3 (1926/27), 145: 3.
[640]'"Barbarajoj en Sovet-Siberio"', Sennaciulo 3 (1926/27), 111: 4-5. The original appeared in Mŭnchner Zeitung, 22 Oct. 1926. Members of the Esperanto course in the Tver cavalry school reacted by expressing their indignation at the selective nature of the article but did not deny the facts themselves. They listed steps taken by the Soviet government to counter the negative behaviors