[764] Sur Posteno Klasbatala, 1934: 136. On Blinov see EdE, p. 592.
^'Pri nuna stato de SEU-movado', Informilo. Interna organo de la IPE-centro, 1935, no. 3 (Dec.): 13.
[766] 'Pri nuna stato', p. 15.
[767]T. Aldworth, 'Esperanto en Sovetio', Sennaciulo 12 (1935/36): 74. Aldworth published in Sennacieca Revuo (n.s., 4 [1936/37]: 154-6, 170-2; 5 [1937/38]: 7-9, 23-5, 39-41, 56-8) an extensive and very interesting report of his visit, under the title 'Angla SAT-ano en Sovetio'. Although Aldworth concluded that 'despite the shortages, crudities and continuing poverty of the country, there is already something about the USSR that we must consider as the basis and begin- ning of a great and beautiful future' (p. 57), he was expelled from the British Communist Party for his willingness to reveal too much: Sennaciulo 14 (1937/38): 3.
[768]This reorientation to the tactic of the popular front was officially proclaimed by Georgi Dimitrov at the Seventh World Congress of the Comintern, which opened in Moscow on 25 July 1935: E.H. Carr, The Twilight of Comintern, 1930-1935, London & Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1982, pp. 403-7.
[769] 'Rezolucio pri batalo por paco kaj kontrau fasismo', SurPosteno (international edition) 3 (1935): 189-190; cf. Internaciisto 2 (1932): 85-6.
[770] Sennaciulo 11 (1934/35): 83; SurPosteno, 1936, 41 (March): 2.
[771]Letter of SAT to the IPE Center, 9 Nov. 1935, in Sennaciulo 11 (1934/35): 83-4; Sur Posteno, 1936, 39 (Jan.): 3.
[772] Cf. Sikosek (2006), p. 177.
[773] A.R., 'Per tuta forto por IPE', Sur Posteno (international edition) 3 (1935): 155.
[774] IPE Center and SEU Central Committee, 'Proleta esperantistaro kaj la neutraluloj', Sur Posteno, 1936, 40 (Feb.): 1-2. This article was probably written in the second half of1935. The IPE Center specifically instructed that IPE groups 'should address themselves to the neutral groups with a proposal to cooperate in working for peace and against fascism': Informilo. Interna organo de la IPE- centro, 1935, 3 (Dec.): 6.
[775] Sur Posteno, 1937, 54 (June): 3.
[776] Nikolao Ecert (August Schwenk), 'Konciza raporto pri la 3-a IPE-Kongreso', Sur Posteno, 1937, 56 (Oct.): 5-6 (quotation p. 5).
[777] SurPosteno, 1937, 52 (Apr.): 2.
[778] 'SEU k antifasista batalo en Hispanio', Sur Posteno, 1937, 52 (Apr.): 2.
[779] Internacia S.O.S. Bulteno, 1938, 62 (Jan.): 3; cf. Sennaciulo 14 (1937/38): 24.
[780] Sennaciulo 14 (1937/38): 3. Aldworth supposed that his article series on his visit to the Soviet Union 'brought harm' to the Esperantists who helped him during his stay. One of them was Izrail Maizel, arrested in October 1937. He survived hard labor: Stepanov (1990), p. 77. Stepanov also deals with the fate of other Leningrad Esperantists.
[781] Circular by Keable, p. 2; Dimitrov in the Seventh Comintern Congress, cf. Carr, Twilight of Comintern, p. 406. According to information from William Keable, noted by his son Ken (10 Nov. 1981), the British Communist Party decided to end the existence of IPE; the causes, not revealed at the time, were the silencing of SEU and the fact that the Soviet Party, asked for an explanation, provided no reply: English-language note by Ken Keable, communicated to the author on 26 June
2013.
[782] During the annual meeting of the British Workers' Esperanto Association (BLEA) in Glasgow, Easter 1939.
[783] Bourguignon was primarily active in the International Association of Revolutionary Esperanto Writers (IAREV) and published, as of 1934, the journal Infanoj sur Tutmondo. See the publication of his son Lucien Bourguignon (2001). Another French activist in IPE, Georges Salan, was deported to Germany in 1944 as a member of the resistance; his book La nuda vero. Originala raporto pri propraj travivajoj en naziaj koncentrejoj 1944-1945 (Nimes, 1975) was dedicated to Boubou and Bourguignon.
[784] An overview of the topic is provided by Dulicenko (2003).
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 237
U. Lins, Dangerous Language — Esperanto under Hitler and Stalin, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-54917-4_7
[785] 'Manifesto of the Communist Party' (1848), in Karl Marx & Frederick Engels, SelectedWorks, vol. 1, Moscow: Progress, 1969, p. 25.
[786]Marx, 'Critique of the Gotha Programme', Marx & Engels, Selected Works, vol. 3, Moscow: Progress, 1970, p. 22.
[787]Engels, 'The Festival ofNations in London', Marx & Engels, Selected Works, vol. 6, p. 6.
[788]Cf. Walter Lipgens, 'Staat und Internationalismus bei Marx und Engels', Historische Zeitschrift
217 (1973): 529-83.
[789]Engels, 'The Congress of Sonvillier and the International', Marx & Engels, SelectedWorks, vol. 23, p. 66.
[790]Otto Bauer, DieNationalitdtenjrage unddie Sozialdemokratie, Vienna: Brand, 1907, pp. 265 and following. On the topic in general, see Hans Mommsen, Arbeiterbewegung und nationale Frage, Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1979.
[791] Kautsky (1887): 448. Shortly before Kautsky's article was published, Die Neue Zeit commented on the same subject: 'This [international communication] currently seems to cry out for an inter- national language; for that, however, artificially invented "world languages" are probably in no degree suitable, but probably English will develop into that role' (Guido Hammer, 'Die Zersetzung der modernen Nationalitaten', Die Neue Zeit 5 [1887]: 183).
[792] Karl Kautsky, 'Nationality and Internationality', trans. Ben Lewis, Critique 37 (2009): 371—89 (quotation p. 388).
[793]Karl Kautsky, Die BefreiungderNationen, 4th edn., Stuttgart: Dietz, 1918, pp. 47, 51. In Die Vereinigten Staaten Mitteleuropas (Stuttgart: Dietz, 1916, p. 52) he shows understanding of the effort for a neutral artificial language. But once again he argues that one of the national languages should become world language; opposition to that will be less strong in a socialist society than 'today'.
[794] 'Pri la homaranismo. Responde al P-ro Dombrovski' (1906), PVZVII 316.
[795]Josef Strasser, DerArbeiterunddieNation, Reichenberg: Runge, 1912, p. 29 (new edition Vienna: Junius, 1982, p. 40). Although Strasser, whose work Lenin highly valued, opposed the forced assimilation of national minorities, he, like Kautsky, foresaw the emergence of a single language in socialist society. As for Esperanto, he called the basic idea of its pioneers 'that conscious language development is possible' correct, but criticized the Esperantists for lack of understanding that first the evolutionary laws of language had to be found.
[796] 'A Single Language and Esperanto', 1l Grido del Popolo, 16 February 1918, reprinted in Antonio Gramsci, Selections from Cultural Writings, ed. David Forgacs & Geoffrey Nowell-Smith, London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1985, pp. 26-31 (quotations pp. 27, 29-30).
[797] Letter from Romain Rolland to E. Lanti, 14 April 1920, in La Vie ouvriere, 23 April 1920, p. 3; quoted in Esperantista Laboristo 1 1920), 4 (May): 2. Cf. Panchasi (2009), p. 151.
16<The Socialist Revolution and the Right ofNations to Self-Determination: Theses' (1916), Lenin, CollectedWorks, vol. 22, Moscow: Progress, 1964, pp. 143—56 (quotation p. 146).