For the 20th century, see Eugen Weber, Action Française: Royalism and Reaction in Twentieth Century France (1962), a full analysis of this right-wing movement; Zeev Sternhell, La Droite révolutionnaire, 1885–1914: les origines françaises du fascisme, new ed., enlarged (2000), a controversial argument that fascism was born in France; Jean-Jacques Becker, The Great War and the French People (1985, reissued 1993; originally published in French, 1980), which shows how France endured the ordeal of total war; Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944 (1972, reissued 2001), a critical analysis of the Pétain regime; Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, La Décadence, 1932–1939, 3rd rev. ed. (1985), and L’Abîme: 1939–1945, 2nd rev. ed. (1986, reissued 1990), two volumes of devastating analysis of French foreign policy before and during World War II; Philippe Burrin, France Under the Germans (1996; originally published in French, 1995), a synthesis of research on the occupation; Charles de Gaulle, War Memoirs, 3 vol. (1955–60; originally published in French, 1954–60), and Memoirs of Hope: Renewal and Endeavor (1971; originally published in French, 2 vol., 1970–71), indispensable for an understanding of the Gaullist era; Jean Lacouture, Charles de Gaulle, 3 vol. (1984–86), a full and perceptive biography; Robert Gildea, France Since 1945, rev. ed. (2001), good on the postwar period; and Alfred Grosser, Affaires extérieures: la politique de la France, 1944–1989 (1989), a penetrating analysis of postwar France’s role in the world. Julius W. Friend, The Long Presidency: France in the Mitterrand Years, 1981–1995 (1998), is a handy guide to the recent past. Hugh Dauncey and Geoff Hare (eds.), France and the 1998 World Cup: The National Impact of a World Sporting Event (1999), examines France as the host country and winner of the 1998 football (soccer) championships. Gordon Wright Eugen Weber