10. Rice, W. R. and Holland, B. (1997). The enemies within: intergenomic conflict, interlocus contest evolution (ICE), and the intraspecific Red Queen.
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 41: 1 —10.
11. Hamer, D. H., Hu, S., Magnuson, V. L., Hu, N. et al (1993). A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation.
Science 261:321-7; Pillard, R. C. and Weinrich, J. D. (1986). Evidence of familial nature of male homosexuality. Archives of General Psychiatry 43: 808—12.
12. Bailey, J. M. and Pillard, R. C. (1991). A genetic study of male sexual orientation. Archives of General Psychiatry 48: 1089—96; Bailey, J. M. and Pillard, R. C. (1995). Genetics of human sexual orientation. Annual Review of Sex Research 6: 126—50.
13. Hamer, D. H., Hu, S., Magnuson, V. L., Hu, N. et al. (1993). A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation.
Science 261: 321—7.
14. Bailey, J. M., Pillard, R. C, Dawood, K., Miller, M. B., Trivedi, S., Farrer, L. A. and Murphy, R. L.; in press. A family history study of male sexual orientation: no evidence for X-linked transmission. Behaviour Genetics.
15. Blanchard, R. (1997). Birth order and sibling sex ratio in homosexual versus heterosexual males and females. Annual Review of Sex Research 8: 27-67.
16. Blanchard, R. and Klassen, P. (1997). H-Y antigen and homosexuality in men. Journal of Theoretical Biology 185:373-8; Arthur, B. I., Jallon, J.-M., Caflisch, B., Choffat, Y. and Nothiger, R. (1998). Sexual behaviour in Drosophila is irreversibly programmed during a critical period. Current Biology 8: 1187-90.
17. Hamilton, W. D. (1995). Narrow roads of gene land, Vol. 1. W. H. Freeman, Basingstoke.
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Again, one of the best sources on mobile genetic elements is the textbook by Michael Majerus, Bill Amos and Gregory Hurst: Evolution: the jour billion year war (Longman, 1996). A good account of the invention of genetic fingerprinting is in Walter Bodmer and Robin McKie's The book of man (Little, Brown, 1994). Sperm competition theory is explored in Tim Birkhead and Anders Moller's Sperm competition in birds (Academic Press, 1992).
1. Susan Blackmore explained this trick in her article "The power of the meme meme' in the Skeptic, Vol. 5 no. 2, p. 45.
2. Kazazian, H. H. and Moran, J. V. (1998). The impact of Li retrotransposons on the human genome. Nature Genetics 19: 19—24.
3. Casane, D., Boissinot, S., Chang, B. H. J., Shimmin, L. C. and Li, W. H.
(1997). Mutation pattern variation among regions of the primate genome.
Journal of Molecular Evolution 45: 216—26.
4. Doolittle, W. F. and Sapienza, C. (1980). Selfish genes, the phenotype paradigm and genome evolution. Nature 284: 601—3; Orgel, L. E. and Crick, F. H. C. (1980). Selfish DNA: the ultimate parasite. Nature 284: 604-7.
5. McClintock, B. (1951). Chromosome organisation and genie expression.
Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 16: 13—47.
6. Yoder, J. A., Walsh, C. P. and Bestor, T. H. (1997). Cytosine methylation and the ecology of intragenomic parasites. Trends in Genetics 13: 335—40; Garrick, D., Fiering, S., Martin, D. I. K. and Whitelaw, E. (1998). Repeat-induced gene silencing in mammals. Nature Genetics 18: 56-9.
7. Jeffreys, A. J., Wilson, V. and Thein, S. L. (198 5). Hypervariable 'minisatellite' regions in human DNA. Nature 314: 67—73.
8. Reilly, P. R. and Page, D. C. (1998). We're off to see the genome. Nature Genetics 20: 15 — 17; New Scientist, 28 February 1998, p. 20.
9. See Daily Telegraph, 14 July 1998, and Sunday Times, 19 July 1998.
10. Ridley, M. (1993). The Red Queen: sex and the evolution of human nature.
Viking, London.
B I B L I O G R A P H Y A N D N O T E S 3 2 5
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Randy Nesse and George Williams's Evolution and healing (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1995) is the best introduction to Darwinian medicine and the interplay between genes and pathogens.
1. Crow, J. F. (1993). Felix Bernstein and the first human marker locus.
Genetics 133: 4—7.
2. Yamomoto, F., Clausen, H., White, T., Marken, S. and Hakomori, S.
(1990). Molecular genetic basis of the histo-blood group ABO system. Nature 345: 229-33.
3. Dean, A. M. (1998). The molecular anatomy of an ancient adaptive event.
American Scientist 86: 26—37.
4. Gilbert, S. C, Plebanski, M., Gupta, S., Morris, J., Cox, M., Aidoo, M., Kwiatowski, D., Greenwood, B. M., Whittle, H. C. and Hill, A. V. S. (1998).
Association of malaria parasite population structure, HLA and immunological antagonism. Science 279: 1173-7; also A Hill, personal communication.
5. Pier, G. B. et al. (1998). Salmonella typhi uses CFTR to enter intestinal epithelial cells. Nature 393: 79—82.
6. Hill, A. V. S. (1996). Genetics of infectious disease resistance. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 6: 348—53.
7. Ridley, M. (1997). Disease. Phoenix, London.
8. Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. and Cavalli-Sforza, F. (1995). The great human diasporas.
Addison Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.
9. Wederkind, C. and Furi, S. (1997). Body odour preferences in men and women: do they aim for specific MHC combinations or simple hetero-geneity? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 264: 1471-9.
10. Hamilton, W. D. (1990). Memes of Haldane and Jayakar in a theory of sex. Journal of Genetics 69: 17—32.
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The tricky subject of psychoneuroimmunology is explored by Paul Martin's The sickening mind (Harper Collins, 1997).
1. Martin, P. (1997)- The sickening mind: brain, behaviour, immunity and disease.
Harper Collins, London.
2. Becker, J. B., Breedlove, M. S. and Crews, D. (1992). Behavioral endocrinology.
MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
3. Marmot, M. G., Davey Smith, G., Stansfield, S., Patel, C, North, F. and Head, J. (1991). Health inequalities among British civil servants: the Whitehall II study. Lancet 337: 1387—93.
4. Sapolsky, R. M. (1997). The trouble with testosterone and other essays on the biology of the human predicament. Touchstone Press, New York.
5. Folstad, I. and Karter, A. J. (1992). Parasites, bright males and the immunocompetence handicap. American Naturalist 139: 603—22.
6. Zuk, M. (1992). The role of parasites in sexual selection: current evidence and future directions. Advances in the Study of Behavior 21: 39—68.
C H R O M O S O M E I I
Dean Hamer has both done the research and written the books on personality genetics and the search for genetic markers that correlate with personality differences. His book, with Peter Copeland, is Living with our genes (Doubleday, 1998).