1. Hamer, D. and Copeland, P. (1998). Living with our genes. Doubleday, New York.
2. Efran, J. S., Greene, M. A. and Gordon, D. E. (1998). Lessons of the new genetics. Family Therapy Networker 22 (March/April 1998): 26—41.
3. Kagan, J. (1994). Galen's prophecy: temperament in human nature. Basic Books, New York.
4. Wurtman, R.J. and Wurtman,J. J. (1994). Carbohydrates and depression.
In Masters, R. D. and McGuire, M. T. (eds), The neurotransmitter revolution, pp.96-109. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville.
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5. Kaplan, J. R., Fontenot, M. B., Manuck, S. B. and Muldoon, M. F. (1996).
Influence of dietary lipids on agonistic and affiliative behavior in Macaca fascicularis. American Journal of Primatology 38: 333 —47.
6. Raleigh, M. J. and McGuire, M. T. (1994). Serotonin, aggression and violence in vervet monkeys. In Masters, R. D. and McGuire, M. T. (eds), The neurotransmitter revolution, pp. 129-45. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville.
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The story of homeotic genes and the way in which they have opened up the study of embryology is told in two recent textbooks: Principles of development by Lewis Wolpert (with Rosa Beddington, Jeremy Brockes, Thomas Jessell, Peter Lawrence and Elliot Meyerowitz) (Oxford University Press, 1998), and Cells, embryos and evolution by John Gerhart and Marc Kirschner (
Blackwell, 1997).
1. Bateson, W. (1894). Materials for the study of variation. Macmillan, London.
2. Tautz, D. and Schmid, K.J. (1998). From genes to individuals: developmental genes and the generation of the phenotype. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 353: 231—40.
3. Niisslein-Volhard, C. and Wieschaus, E. (1980). Mutations affecting segment number and polarity in Drosophila. Nature 287: 795—801.
4. McGinnis, W., Garber, R. L., Wirz, J., Kuriowa, A. and Gehring, W. J.
(1984). A homologous protein coding sequence in Drosophila homeotic genes and its conservation in other metazoans. Cell 37: 403—8; Scott, M. and Weiner, A.J. (1984). Structural relationships among genes that control development: sequence homology between the Antennapedia, Ultrabithorax and fushi tarazu loci of Drosophila. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 81: 4115-9.
5. Arendt, D. and Nubler-Jung, K. (1994). Inversion of the dorso-ventral axis? Nature 371: 26.
6. Sharman, A. C. and Brand, M. (1998). Evolution and homology of the nervous system: cross-phylum rescues of otd/Otx genes. Trends in Genetics 14: 211 —14.
7. Duboule, D. (1995). Vertebrate hox genes and proliferation — an alternative 3 2 8 G E N O M E
pathway to homeosis. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 5: 525—8; Krumlauf, R. (1995). Hoxgenes invertebrate development. Cell 78: 191—201.
8. Zimmer, C. (1998). At the water's edge. Free Press, New York.
C H R O M O S O M E I 3
The geography of genes is explored in Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza and Fran-cesco Cavalli-Sforza's The great human diasporas (Addison Wesley, 1995); some of the same material is also covered in Jared Diamond's Guns, germs and steel (Jonathan Cape, 1997).
1. Cavalli-Sforza, L. (1998). The DNA revolution in population genetics.
Trends in Genetics 14: 60—65.
2. Intriguingly, the genetic evidence generally points to a far more rapid migration rate for women's genes than men's (comparing maternally inherited mitochondria with paternally inherited Y chromosomes) — perhaps eight times as high. This is partly because in human beings, as in other apes, it is generally females that leave, or are abducted from, their native group when they mate.
Jensen, M. (1998). All about Adam. New Scientist, 11 July 1998: 35—9.
3. Reported in HMS Beagle: The Biomednet Magazine (www.biomednet.com/
hmsbeagle), issue 20, November 1997.
4. Holden, C. and Mace, R. (1997). Phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of lactose digestion in adults. Human Biology 69: 605—28.
C H R O M O S O M E I 4
Two good books on ageing are Steven Austad's Why we age (John Wiley and Sons, 1997) and Tom Kirkwood's Time of our lives (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1999).
1. Slagboom, P. E., Droog, S. and Boomsma, D. I. (1994). Genetic determination of telomere size in humans: a twin study of three age groups. American Journal of Human Genetics 55: 876—82.
2. Lingner, J., Hughes, T. R., Shevchenko, A., Mann, M., Lundblad, V. and B I B L I O G R A P H Y A N D N O T E S 3 2 9
Cech, T. R. (1997). Reverse transcriptase motifs in the catalytic subunit of telomerase. Science 276: 561—7.
3. Clark, M. S. and Wall, W. J. (1996). Chromosomes: the complex code. Chapman and Hall, London.
4. Harrington, L., McPhail, T., Mar, V., Zhou, W., Oulton, R, Bass, M. B., Aruda, I. and Robinson, M. O. (1997). A mammalian telomerase-associated protein. Science 275: 973-7; Saito, T., Matsuda, Y., Suzuki, T., Hayashi, A., Yuan, X., Saito, M., Nakayama, J., Hori, T. and Ishikawa, F. (1997). Comparative gene-mapping of the human and mouse TEP-1 genes, which encode one protein component of telomerases. Genomics 46: 46—50.
5. Bodnar, A. G. et al. (1998). Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells. Science 279: 349—52.
6. Niida, H., Matsumoto, T., Satoh, H., Shiwa, M., Tokutake, Y., Furuichi, Y. and Shinkai, Y. (1998). Severe growth defect in mouse cells lacking the telomerase RNA component. Nature Genetics 19: 203—6.
7. Chang, E. and Harley, C. B. (1995). Telomere length and replicative aging in human vascular tissues. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 92: 11190—94.
8. Austad, S. (1997). Why we age. John Wiley, New York.
9. Slagboom, P. E., Droog, S. and Boomsma, D. I. (1994). Genetic determination of telomere size in humans: a twin study of three age groups. American Journal of Human Genetics 55: 876—82.
10. Ivanova, R et al. (1998). HLA-DR alleles display sex-dependent effects on survival and discriminate between individual and familial longevity. Human Molecular Genetics 7: 187—94.
11. The figure of 7,000 genes is given by George Martin, quoted in Austad, S. (1997). Why we age. John Wiley, New York.
12. Feng, J. et al. (1995). The RNA component of human telomerase. Science 269: 1236—41.
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Wolf Reik and Azim Surani's Genomic imprinting (Oxford University Press, 1997) is a good collection of essays on the topic of imprinting. Many books explore gender differences including my own The Red Queen (Viking, 3 3 0 G E N O M E
1. Holm, V. et al. (1993). Prader-Willi syndrome: consensus diagnostic criteria. Pediatrics 91: 398—401.