1. Verma, I. M. and Somia, N. (1997). G e n e t h e r a p y - promises, problems and prospects. Nature 389: 239—42.
2. Carter, M. H. (1996). Pioneer Hi-Bred: testing for gene transfers. Harvard Business School Case Study N 9 - 5 9 7 - 0 5 5 .
3. Capecchi, M. R. (1989). Altering the g e n o m e by homologous recombination. Science 244: 1288—92.
4. First, N. and T h o m s o n , J. (1998). F r o m cows stem therapies? Nature Biotechnology 16: 620—21.
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T h e promises and perils of genetic screening have been discussed at great length in many books, articles and reports, but few stand out as essential sources of wisdom. Chandler Burr's A separate creation: how biology makes us gay (Bantam Press, 1996) is one.
1. Lyon, J. and G o r n e r , P. (1996). Altered fates. N o r t o n , N e w York.
2. E t o , M., Watanabe, K. and Makino, I. (1989). Increased frequencies of apolipoprotein E2 and E4 alleles in patients with ischemic heart disease.
Clinical Genetics 36: 183—8.
3. Lucotte, G., Loirat, F. and Hazout, S. (1997). Patterns of gradient of apolipoprotein E allele *4 frequencies in western E u r o p e . Human Biology 69: 2 5 3 - 6 2 .
4. K a m b o h , M. I. (1995). Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease. Human Biology 67: 195—215; Flannery, T. (1998).
Throwim way leg. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, L o n d o n .
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5. Cook-Degan, R. (1995). The gene wars: science, politics and the human genome.
Norton, New York.
6. Kamboh, M. I. (1995). Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease. Human Biology 67: 195—215; Corder, E. H. et al.
(1994). Protective effect of apolipoprotein E type 2 allele for late onset Alzheimer disease. Nature Genetics 7: 180—84.
7. Bickeboller, H. et al. (1997). Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: genotypic-specific risks by age and sex. American Journal of Human Genetics 60: 439—46; Payami, H. et al. (1996). Gender difference in apolipoprotein E-associated risk for familial Alzheimer disease: a possible clue to the higher incidence of Alzheimer disease in women. American Journal of Human Genetics 58: 803 — 11; Tang, M.-X. et al. (1996). Relative risk of Alzheimer disease and age-at-onset distributions, based on APOE genotypes among elderly African Americans, Caucasians and Hispanics in New York City. American Journal of Human Genetics 58: 574—84.
8. Caldicott, F. et al. (1998). Mental disorders and genetics: the ethical context.
Nuffield Council on Bioethics, London.
9. Bickeboller, H. et al. (1997). Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: genotypic-specific risks by age and sex. American Journal of Human Genetics 60: 439—46.
10. Maddox, J. (1998). What remains to be discovered. Macmillan, London.
11. Cookson, C. (1998). Markers on the road to avoiding illness. Financial Times, 3 March 1998, p. 18; Schmidt, K. (1998). Just for you. New Scientist, 14 November 1998, p. 32.
12. Wilkie, T. (1996). The people who want to look inside your genes.
Guardian, 3 October 1996.
C H R O M O S O M E 2 0
The story of prions is exceptionally well told in Rosalind Ridley and Harry Baker's Fatal protein (Oxford University Press, 1998). I have also drawn on Richard Rhodes's Deadly feasts (Simon and Schuster, 1997) and Robert Klitzman's The trembling mountain (Plenum, 1998).
1. Prusiner, S. B. and Scott, M. R. (1997). Genetics of prions. Annual Review of Genetics 31: 139—75.
B I B L I O G R A P H Y A N D N O T E S 3 3 5
2. Brown, D. R. et al. (1997). The cellular prion protein binds copper in vivo.
Nature 390: 684—7.
3. Prusiner, S. B., Scott, M. R., DeArmand, S. J. and Cohen, F. E. (1998).
Prion protein biology. Cell 93: 337—49.
4. Klein, M. A. et al. (1997). A crucial role for B cells in neuroinvasive scrapie. Nature 390: 687—90.
5. Ridley, R. M. and Baker H. F. (1998). Fatal protein. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
C H R O M O S O M E 2 1
The most thorough history of the eugenics movement, Dan Kevles's In the name of eugenics (Harvard University Press, 1985) concentrates mostly on America. For the European scene, John Carey's The intellectuals and the masses (Faber and Faber, 1992) is eye-opening.
1. Hawkins, M. (1997). Social Darwinism in European and American thought.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
2. Kevles, D. (1985). In the name of eugenics. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
3. Paul, D. B. and Spencer, H. G. (1995). The hidden science of eugenics.
Nature 374: 302-5.
4. Carey, J. (1992). The intellectuals and the masses. Faber and Faber, London.
5. Anderson, G. (1994). The politics of the mental deficiency act. M.Phil, dissertation, University of Cambridge.
6. Hansard, 29 May 1913.
7. Wells, H. G., Huxley, J. S. and Wells, G. P. (1931). The science of life.
Cassell, London.
8. Kealey, T., personal communication; Lindzen, R. (1996). Science and politics: global warming and eugenics. In Hahn, R. W. (ed.), Risks, costs and lives saved, pp. 85 — 103. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
9. King, D. and Hansen, R. (1999). Experts at work: state autonomy, social learning and eugenic sterilisation in 1930s Britain. British Journal of Political Science 29: 77—107.
10. Searle, G. R. (1979). Eugenics and politics in Britain in the 1930s. Annals of Political Science 36: 159—69.
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11. Kitcher, P. (1996). The lives to come. Simon and Schuster, New York.
12. Quoted in an interview in the Sunday Telegraph, 8 February 1997.
13. Lynn, R. (1996). Dysgenics: genetic deterioration in modern populations. Praeger, Westport, Connecticut.
14. Reported in HMS Beagle: The Biomednet Magazine (www.biomednet.com/
hmsbeagle), issue 20, November 1997.
15. Morton, N. (1998). Hippocratic or hypocritic: birthpangs of an ethical code. Nature Genetics 18: 18; Coghlan, A. (1998). Perfect people's republic.
New Scientist, 24 October 1998, p. 24.
C H R O M O S O M E 2 2
The most intelligent book on determinism is Judith Rich Harris's The nurture assumption (Bloomsbury, 1998). Steven Rose's Lifelines (Penguin, 1998) makes the opposing case. Dorothy Nelkin and Susan Lindee's The DNA mystique (Freeman, 1995) is worth a look.
1. Rich Harris, J. (1998). The nurture assumption. Bloomsbury, London.