(Here "which" is the object of"you say".)
Note. - In the correlation "to quo", or "to quon", the "to" can be omitted after a verb.
I heard what he said. - Me audis quon ilu dicis.
I know what they are. - Me savas quo li esas.
If"waht" is a aquestion and means "what thing", use "quo" or "quon":
What is it? - Quo esas?
What is the matter? - Quo eventas?
What do you want? (= you want what thing? ,"what" being the object.) - Quon vu volas?
As an adjective, use "qua, quan":
What carriage? - Qua veturo?
What day? - Qua dio?
As an exclamation, use "quo!":
What! Is it true? - Quo!, ka vera?
For "what" followed by "a" ("what a..."), translate "what" by "quala":
What a wind! - Quala vento!
See the "Letters" appendix for a discussion between Idists regarding the differences in the usage of "qua" and "quo" - A letter for a French Idist:pri la difero "qua" e "quo"
Indefinite Adjectives and Pronouns
SOME, ANY: See previous lessons.
NO, before a noun of quantity = not before the verb:
I have no bread (=I not have bread.) - Me ne havas pano.
NO, before a noun of individuality = not one: "nula"
No man will say. - Nula homo dicos.
EITHER (= the one or the other):
Either of them will do (= one or other will suit).
Una od altra konvenos.
Either book will do (= one book or the other will suit).
Un libro o la altra konvenos.
("Either ... or" is a conjunction, translated by "sive ... sive")
NEITHER (=nor one nor the other):
Neither (one nor the other) door was open. - Nek una nek la altra pordo esis apertita.
FEW = poka
A FEW = kelka
SEVERAL = plura
MANY, MUCH = multa (too many, much = tro multa). SUCH, meaning "quality" = tala, meaning those = ti.
Such as we are (= such a quality we have) - Tala quala ni esas. Such as like it (=those who like it) - Ti qui prizas olu. ALL, meaning everything = omno. meaning everybody = omni. as an adjective = omna. All I have said. - Omno quon me dicis.
All were there (= all were present). - Omni asistis. All trouble, all efforts. - Omna peno, omna esforci. ALL THE, meaning the whole = la tota.
All the town was ablaze. - La tota urbo flagris. EACH OTHER = una altra.
ONE ANOTHER = una altra (or verb commencing by inter-).
They loved each other. - Li amis una altra.
They loved one another. - Li amis una altra. Li inter-amis.
They took each other's hats. - Li prenis la una la chapelo di la altra.
NOT ANYTHING, NOTHING = ne ... ulo, nulo
NO ONE, NONE = ne ... ulu, nulu
"One" is translated by "un" as a number, "una" as an adjective showing unity, "unu" as a pronoun of person:
One and one make two. - Un ed un facas du.
The One Holy Church. - La Una Santa Eklezio.
The one said this, the other said that. - Unu dicis ico, la altru dicis ito.
"One" after demonstrative (this one, that one, the other one), and after adjectifves (a young one, a good one) is omitted:
This one said this, that one said that, and the other one said the other thing. - Ica dicis ico, ita dicis ito, e la altra dicis la altro.
The little one was tired. - La puereto esis fatigita.
"One" after an adjective, is often translated by a repetition of the noun.
She had a doll, a beautiful one too. - Elu havis pupeo, vere bela pupeo.
THE ONES, as a pronoun = uni;
The ones were long, the other were short. Uni esis longa, l'altri esis kurta. ONES, after an adjective, is not translated:
Give me two small ones. - Donez ad me du mikra.
SELF, the pronoun "self" is translated by "ipsa":
Who was there? Only myself. - Qua esis ibe? Nur me ipsa.
When "myself","himself",etc., are used after the simple pronoun
(I myself, she herself, etc.), or after a noun (the king himself), translate the simple pronoun or noun, and add "ipsa" as separate word:
They themselves told me. - Li ipsa dicis to a me. She saw it herself. - Elu ipsa vidis olu. She saw the thing itself. - Elu vidis la kozo ipsa. The word "ipsa" should be placed next to the word it refers to. "Self" as a noun is translated by "persono": My whole self. - Mea tota persono.
Using "Quale" and "Kom"
A quale В - A and В are similar but not the same character.
Quale means - (in comparison) as, like : as in the manner of
Matro quale mortinta patro reprimandis sua kindi*' ma ne suficante bone. (kindi* : children).
A kom В - A and В are the same character with different qualities
Kom means - as in the capacity, character, role, quality of:
being in the capacity, character, role, quality of:
to be in the capacity, character, role, quality of.
Patro anke kom matro sorgis sua kindi*, namja mortabis la matro.
Lesson 24 - Duadek-e-quaresma Leciono How to Translate SHALL
If"shall" is a simple future, use -OS:
I shall be here tomorrow. - Me esos hike morge. If"shall" means "duty", use "devar" or the imperative: He shall do it. - Ilu devas facar lo. Thou shalt not bear false witnes. - Tu ne false atestez.
How to Translate WILL
If"will" is a simple future, use -OS:
He will write to you. - Ilu skribos a vu.
If"will" means "emphasis", use "ya" with future:
I will do it. - Me ya facos lo.
If"will" means "to be willing", "to be so good", use "voluntar":
Will you do me a favor? - Ka vu voluntas facar favoro a me?
As a description of a frequent or repeated act or event, "will" is not translated (except by a paraphrase or by -AD-):
Sometimes he will look in of an evening.
Kelka-foye ilu venas vizitar ni en la vespero. ...or
Eventas kelka-foye ke ilu venas vizitar ni. ...or
Ilu vizitadias ni vespere.
How to Translate SHOULD
If"should" is a simple conditional, use -us: I should be glad to have it. Me esus felica havar ol, or, Se me havus ol. If"should" means "ought", use "devas":
You should write to them. - Vu devas skribar a li. For a conditional sense, use "devus", not "devas". Compare: "You ought (devas) to do it if you can." (possible) and "You ought (devus) to do if if you could." (not probable). At beginning of the sentence, use "se" ("if") with the future tense: Should you require my services. - Se vu bezonos mea servi.
How to Translate WOULD
If"would" is a simple conditional, use -US:
He would not forget it. - Ilu ne oblivius ol.
If"would" means "insistence", use "volis" (=did want):
I tried to stop him, but he would do it.
Me probis haltigar il, ma ilu volis facar ol.
If"would" means "habit" or "habitually" or "repeatedly", use -AD-:
She would sit on that little chair. - Elu sidadis sur ta stuleto.
In the phrase "would that", use either "Se nur" ("if only") with conditional or "Deo volez ke" ("God wills that...") with imperative:
Would that we were younger again! - Se nur ni esus itere yuna.
Would that peace reigned everywhere! - Deo volez ke paco omna- loke regnez!
How to Translate MAY
If"may" means "perhaps", use "forsan":
It may rain. - Forsan pluvos.
It may be so. - Forsan esas tale.
If"may" means "permission", use "darfar" or a paraphrase:
May I come in? - Ka me darfas en-venar?
You may not do it (=you are not allowed to do it.) - Vu ne darfas facar ol.
You may not do it (=perhaps you won't do it.) - Forsan vu ne facos ol.
How to Translate MUST
With a personal subject, use the personal verb "mustar":