The Papal States are addressed in Peter Partner, The Lands of St. Peter; The Papal State in the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance (1972). The history of the kingdom of Sicily is explored in Norman Housley, The Italian Crusades: The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades Against Christian Lay Powers, 1254–1343 (1982, reissued 1999); and Donald Matthew, The Norman Kingdom of Sicily (1992). James M. Powell Italy in the 14th and 15th centuries
General outlines of the period, together with references to important works in Italian and other languages, are to be found in Denys Hay and John Law, Italy in the Age of the Renaissance, 1380–1530 (1989). An excellent work of reference is J.R. Hale (ed.), A Concise Encyclopaedia of the Italian Renaissance (1981). Wallace Klippert Ferguson, The Renaissance in Historical Thought: Five Centuries of Interpretation (1948, reprinted 1981), is useful for periodization.
Works that consider the social background of high culture are George Holmes, Florence, Rome, and the Origins of the Renaissance (1986, reissued 1988), and The Florentine Enlightenment, 1400–50 (1969, reissued 1992). Influential discussions of the subject are Paul Oskar Kristeller, Renaissance Thought: The Classic, Scholastic, and Humanistic Strains (1961, reprinted 1980), and Renaissance Thought and the Arts, expanded ed. (1990; originally published as Renaissance Thought II: Papers on Humanism and the Arts, 1965). The artist in society is discussed by Martin Wackernagel, The World of the Florentine Renaissance Artist: Projects and Patrons, Workshop and Art Market, trans. by Alison Luchs (1938, reissued 1981; originally published in German, 1938); and Bruce Cole, The Renaissance Artist at Work: From Pisano to Titian (1983).
Most writings in English have concentrated on the republics. Valuable works on the great Tuscan city of Florence are Gene A. Brucker, Renaissance Florence (1969, reissued 1994); Richard C. Trexler, Public Life in Renaissance Florence (1980, reissued 1991); Richard A. Goldthwaite, The Building of Renaissance Florence: An Economic and Social History (1980, reissued 1990); John N. Najemy, Corporatism and Consensus in Florentine Electoral Politics, 1280–1400 (1982); David Herlihy and Christiane Klapisch-Zuber, Tuscans and Their Families: A Study of the Florentine Catasto of 1427 (1985; originally published in French, 1978); and, on the great ruling family, J.R. Hale, Florence and the Medici: The Pattern of Control, new ed. (2001).
Interesting contributions on the Serenissima are in Robert Finlay, Politics in Renaissance Venice (1980); and Edward Muir, Civic Ritual in Renaissance Venice (1981, reissued 1986).
The Papal States are treated in the work by Partner cited above (in the section on the High Middle Ages); and studies of its signori include Trevor Dean, Land and Power in Late Medieval Ferrara: The Rule of the Este, 1350–1450 (1988, reissued 2002). Works on the southern kingdoms include Denis Mack Smith, Medieval Sicily, 800–1713 (1968, reprinted 1988), vol. 1 of A History of Sicily. John Larner Early modern Italy (16th–18th centuries)
Two magisterial works frame this period in its European perspective: Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, translated from French by Siân Reynolds, 2nd rev. ed., 2 vol. (1966, reissued 1995); and Franco Venturi, Settecento riformatore (1969– ), with English translations of 2 vol., The End of the Old Regime in Europe, 1768–1776: The First Crisis (1989) and The End of the Old Regime in Europe, 1776–1789, 2 parts (1990–91).
General surveys of the period include Eric Cochrane, Italy 1530–1630, ed. by Julius Kirshner (1988); and Dino Carpanetto and Giuseppe Ricuperati, Italy in the Age of Reason, 1685–1789, translated from Italian by Caroline Higgitt (1987). Other studies are Stuart Woolf, A History of Italy, 1700–1860: The Social Constraints of Political Change (1979, reissued 1991); and the relevant volumes of The New Cambridge Modern History, 14 vol. (1957–79); and of The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, 2nd ed. (1966– ).
Studies of the individual states include, on Savoy, Geoffrey Symcox, Victor Amadeus II: Absolutism in the Savoyard State, 1675–1730 (1983); on Venice, the work by Lane cited above in the section on histories of the individual city-states; and the work by Muir cited in the section above (14th–15th centuries); on Florence, R. Burr Litchfield, Emergence of a Bureaucracy: The Florentine Patricians, 1530–1790 (1986); on Rome, Hanns Gross, Rome in the Age of Enlightenment: The Post-Tridentine Syndrome and the Ancien Regime (1990); on Naples, Antonio Calabria and John A. Marino (eds. and trans.), Good Government in Spanish Naples, trans. from Italian (1990); and Rosario Villari, The Revolt of Naples, trans. by James Newell (1993; originally published in Italian, 1967); and, on Sicily, the work by Mack Smith cited in the previous section, along with its companion volume, Modern Sicily, After 1713 (1968, reissued 1988).
Topics of special interest are addressed in Carlo Ginzburg, The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller, trans. by John Tedeschi and Anne Tedeschi (1980, reissued 1992; originally published in Italian, 1976), and The Night Battles: Witchcraft & Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth & Seventeenth Centuries (1983, reissued 1992; originally published in Italian, 1966); Jonathan D. Spence, The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci (1984); Guido Ruggiero, The Boundaries of Eros: Sex Crime and Sexuality in Renaissance Venice (1985, reissued 1989); Mario Biagioli, Galileo, Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism (1993); Peter Burke, The Historical Anthropology of Early Modern Italy: Essays on Perception and Communication (1987); Paul F. Grendler, Schooling in Renaissance Italy: Literacy and Learning, 1300–1600 (1989, reissued 1991); and Margaret L. King, Women of the Renaissance (1991). John A. Marino Revolution, restoration, and unification
Works covering this period include David Laven and Lucy Riall (eds.), Napoleon’s Legacy: Problems of Government in Restoration Europe (2000); John A. Davis and Paul Ginsborg (eds.), Society and Politics in the Age of the Risorgimento (1991), a collection of essays; Frank J. Coppa, The Origins of the Italian Wars of Independence (1992); Clara M. Lovett, The Democratic Movement in Italy, 1830–1876 (1982); Denis Mack Smith, Cavour and Garibaldi, 1860: A Study in Political Conflict (1954, reissued 1985), and Mazzini (1994, reprinted 1996); Benedict S. LiPira, Giuseppe Garibaldi: A Biography of the Father of Modern Italy (1998); and Paul Ginsborg, Daniele Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848–49 (1979). An essential work on Garibaldi is Lucy Riall, Garibaldi: Invention of a Hero (2007). Entries on major events and figures may be found in Frank J. Coppa (ed.), Dictionary of Modern Italian History (1985). Useful introductions to new debates concerning the Risorgimento are Lucy Riall, The Italian Risorgimento: State, Society, and National Unification (1994); and Martin Clark, The Italian Risorgimento (1998). Other aspects of the period are dealt with in John A. Davis, Conflict and Controclass="underline" Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Italy (1988); and Lucy Riall, Sicily and the Unification of Italy: Liberal Policy and Local Power, 1859–1866 (1998). Clara M. Lovett John Foot Italy since 1870