PART THREE: CHRISTIANITY
1 Constantine. Rise and character: Warren T. Treadgold, A History of Byzantine State and Society (henceforth Treadgold) 30–48. Grant, Constantine 82–4, 105–15; Sun God 134–5; Milvian Bridge vision 140–55; Church 156–86. Judith Herrin, Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire (henceforth Herrin) 8–11. Patron gods of Caesar Augustus and Aurelian, smallness of Christian religion, Jews as detestable mob, Jewish history as Roman history: Goodman 539–48. Crispus/Fausta sexual offence: Treadgold 44. Avi-Yonah 159–64. Lane Fox, Unauthorized Version 247. MacCulloch 189–93. Last years: Grant, Constantine 213. John Julius Norwich, Byzantium: The Early Centuries (henceforth Norwich) 1.31–79. Fred M. Donner, Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam 10–11. On Christological debates and shock-troop monks: Chris Wickham, The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000 (henceforth Wickham) 59–67.
2 Helena in Jerusalem. Eusebius, Life of Constantine 3.26–43. Sozomen, Church History 2.1, 2.26. Helena barmaid: Grant, Constantine 16–17; visit 202–5. Zeev Rubin, ‘The Church of Holy Sepulchre and Conflict between the Sees of Caesarea and Jerusalem’, in Cathedra 2.79–99 on early visit of Constantine’s mother-in-law, Eutropia, in 324. Founding of Church: MacCulloch 193–6. Temple Mount, space and holiness to Jews/defeat of old revelation and victory of new: Oleg Grabar, The Shape of the Holy: Early Islamic Jerusalem 28. Goldhill, City of Longing 179. Peters, Jerusalem 131–40. New Jerusalem: Goodman 560–77; Jewish reverence for Jerusalem 576–7. Jews: Avi-Yonah 159–63; small Jewish revolt reported in John Chrysostom 173. Basilicas and ceremonies of church: MacCulloch 199; Arianism 211–15. Bordeaux Pilgrim, Itinerary 589–94; see also Peters, Jerusalem 143–4, including new name for Zion. Confusion about real Zion: 2 Samuel 5.7, Micah 3.12. Tsafrir, Sacred Esplanade 73–99.
3 Constantius: Avi-Yonah, 174–205. Julian: Treadgold 59–63. Jews/Temple: Yohanan Levy, ‘Julian the Apostate and the Building of the Temple’, in Cathedra 3.70–95. Temple: Sozomen, Church History 5.22. Isaiah 66.14. Archeological Park 22. Norwich 339–100. Did Jews remove statues?/Isaiah inscription: Shanks 53–5. Arab revolts of Queen Maria and Saracen War in 375: Butcher 65–6.
4 The first pilgrims fourth/fifth century/Hun invasion: Zeev Rubin, ‘Christianity in Byzantine Palestine – Missionary Activity and Religious Coercion’, in Cathedra 3.97–113. Cheating, adultery – Gregory of Nyssa quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 153; prostitutes, actors – Paulinus of Nola quoted 153; Jerome on Paula quoted 152. Jerome: Freeman 274–84, including quotes on sex, virginity and swine. Festivals evolve, cross-biting: Egeria, Pilgrimage to the Holy Places, 50, 57–8, 67–74; and Bordeaux Pilgrim, Itinerary 589–94. Jerome on Britons: Barbara W. Tuchman, Bible and Sword (henceforth Tuchman) 23. Byzantine guides to Jerusalem: Breviarius and Topography of the Holy Land, quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 154–7. The Jews in Jerusalem/Temple Mount with statues: Bordeaux Pilgrim, Itinerary 589–94. Mob of wretches: Jerome quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 145. Jewish revolt: Treadgold 56. Lane Fox, Unauthorized Version 213–14. Shanks 57. Peters, Jerusalem 143–4. Zion: 2 Samuel 5.7, Micah 3.12. Tsafrir, Sacred Esplanade 73–99. Monasticism: Wickham 59–67.
5 Eudocia, Barsoma, Christianity in Palestine: Rubin, ‘Christianity in Byzantine Palestine – Missionary Activity and Religious Coercion’, in Cathedra 3.97–113. Treadgold 89–94. Bahat, Atlas 68–79. Remains of Eudocia’s walls/Siloam Church: Archeological Park 42–4, 137 and 138. Eudocia and Barsoma: Peters, Jerusalem 157–62, including Piacenza Pilgrim seeing her tomb. Christology, monastic shock-troops: Wickham 59–67. Relics: Stephen Runciman, A History of the Crusades (henceforth Runciman) 1.40 and 49. Grabar, Shape of the Holy 25, 37. Christianization and anti-Jewish laws: Theodosius I and II: Avi-Yonah 213–21, 240–5; on Jerome – Jewish worms quoted at 222; end of patriarchate 225–30. Norwich 139–51. Creed and righteous behaviour: Donner, Muhammad 10–17. MacCulloch on monasticism including lollipop stylite pillar: 200–10; on Nestorius/Monophysitism 222–8. End of Hillelite patriarchs: G. Krämer, A History of Palestine (henceforth Krämer) 24. Armenian monks and asceticism: Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, ‘Historical Itinerary of the Armenian People in Light of its Biblical Memory’, ms.
6 Justinian – Byzantine climax. Justin and Justinian: Treadgold 174–217. Donner, Muhammad 5–6; apocalyptic vision of the Last Emperor 16; Yemenite Jewish kingdom 31–4; Justinian’s vision 4–17. Wickham 92–5. Vision and building: Herrin 50–7. Gossip: see Procopius, Secret Life. Building: Bahat, Atlas 68–79. Building and pilgrims: Peters, Jerusalem 162–4: Piacenza Pilgrim; ‘Life of Sabas’ by Cyril of Scythopolis; Procopius, ‘On Buildings’, quoted in Peters. Grabar, Shape of the Holy 38–40, including Cyril quote; life in Jerusalem 24–38, including concepts of holy space/churches facing or backing on to Temple Mount. Jewish tragedy: Avi-Yonah 221–4 and 232–7, but c. 520 new Sanhedrin chief from Babylon to Tiberias, ruling Jews for seven generations until move to Jerusalem in 638; Justinian anti-Jewish legislation 246–8; Jews in Tiberias in contact with Jewish kings of Yemen 246–8. Treadgold 177. Butcher 383. Temple menorah – Byzantine triumph then to Jerusalem in 534: Perowne, Later Herods 177. Norwich 212. Byzantine style of dress: see Ravenna mosaic and Herrin on Theodora and ladies-in-waiting 67. Houses, mosaics and churches: on Orpheus semi-pagan/semi-Christian: Ashar Ovadius and Sonia Mucznik, ‘Orpheus from Jerusalem – Pagan or Christian Image’, in Cathedra 1.152–66. Nea Church: Grabar, Shape of the Holy 34–8; Madaba Map 27. M. Avi-Yonah, ‘The Madaba Mosaic Map’, Israel Exploration Society. See also article: Martine Meuwese, ‘Representations of Jerusalem on Medieval Maps and Miniatures’, Eastern Christian Art 2 (2005) 139–48. H. Donner, The Mosaic Map of Madaba: An Introductory Guide. Nea, last column in Russian Compound: Shanks 86–7. Byzantine rich houses south and west of Temple Mount: Archeological Park 147 and 32–3; extended Cardo 10 and 140; bathhouses near Jaffa Gate 125; Nea 81; monks in First Temple Jewish tombs 39. Burial with bells: see Rockefeller Museum. Jerusalem chariot-racing: Yaron Dan, ‘Circus Factions in Byzantine Palestine’, in Cathedra 1.105–19. Tsafrir, Sacred Esplanade 73–99.