Apocalypse/The Hour: Koran 33.63, 47.18. Hour nigh: Koran 54.1. Early armies at Yarmuk and al-Qadisiyah, only 30,000 men, power of religious propaganda and motivation: Ibn Khaldun 126. Development of title khalifa: Ibn Khaldun 180. Omar takes title Commander of the Faithfuclass="underline" Kennedy, Conquests 54–6 and 72–5. Barnaby Rogerson, The Heirs of the Prophet Muhammad and the Roots of the Sunni–Shia Schism (henceforth Rogerson) 83, 128–9, 169.
Omar takes Palestine, Byzantine empire, weaknesses, plague, poverty: Kennedy, Conquests, 142–98; settlement of Palestine and Iraq 95–7; Amr al-As 46–51 and 70–3; Khalid bin Walid 70–3. Yaqubi, History 2.160–70, and al-Baladhuri, Conquest of the Countries, quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 176–7. Defeat of Byzantines: Runciman 1.15 Khalid in command at Damascus and Yarmuk: Kennedy, Conquests 75–89. Early administration: Rogerson 220.
3 Omar enters Jerusalem: Koran 17.1, change of qibla: Koran 2.142–4. Concept of Day of Judgement: Koran 3.185 33.63, 47.18. 54.1.
Covenant – Tabari, Annals 1.2405, in Peters, Jerusalem 18. Muthir al-Ghiram in Guy Le Strange, Palestine under the Moslems 139–44. Eutychius quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 189–90.
Grabar, Shape of the Holy 45–50. Omar looks, character, stories: Ibn Khaldun 162. Kennedy, Conquests 125–30. Rogerson 171–82.
Donner, Muhammad: Omar conquest of Jerusalem, 125; Jews 114–15; Apocalypse 78–82 and 97; militancy 83–6; openness to Monotheists – quotations from Donner 87–9. Shlomo D. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem in the Arab Period 638–1099, in Cathedra 2: 168–75.
Omar takes surrender: Kennedy, Conquests 91–5. Abdul Azis Duri, ‘Jerusalem in the Early Islamic Period’, in Asali, 105; early hadith and fadail: in Asali, 114–16. Jerusalem further place of prayer: Koran 17.1. On importance of Holy Land, Jerusalem and Aqsa: Mustafa Abu Sway, ‘The Holy Land, Jerusalem and the Aqsa Mosque in Islamic Sources’, in Sacred Esplanade 335–43. Wickham 279–89.
Jewish hopes, move to Jerusalem: J. Mann, The Jews in Egypt and Palestine under the Fatimid Caliphs (henceforth Mann) 1.44–7. Jewish traditions – Israiliyat and Kaab quotations: Hassan, ‘Muslim Literature in Praise of Jerusalem,’ in Cathedra 1.170–2. Meir Kister, ‘A Comment on the Antiquity of Traditions Praising Jerusalem’, in Cathedra 1.185–6.
The names of the city: Angelika Neuwirth, ‘Jerusalem in Islam: The Three Honorific Names of the City’, in OJ 77–93. Seventeen Muslim names/seventy Jewish in Midrash/multiplicity is greatness, quoted in Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 187. Grabar, Shape of the Holy 112. Omar on Temple Mount: Isaac ben Joseph quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 191–2; on Jews cleansing Temple Mount and banning: Salman ben Yeruham quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 191–4. Filth on Temple Mount deliberately placed by Helena – Mujir al-Din, Histoire de Jérusalem et d’Hébron (henceforth Mujir) 56–7, and on Jews cleansing Temple Mount. Earliest mosques: Kennedy, Conquests 121 and 134.
First cemetery and early burials of Companions of Prophet: Kamal Asali, ‘Cemeteries of Old Jerusalem’, in OJ 279–84. Sophronius, abomination: in Peters, Jerusalem 190. First sight of Jerusalem from hilclass="underline" Sari Nusseibeh, Once Upon a Country 29. Hussein bin Talal, King Hussein of Jordan, My War with Israel 122. Arculf in Thomas Wright, Early Travels in Palestine 1–5. Jews in Omar’s armies – see Professor Rood in JQ 32, Autumn 2007. Jewish aspirations: Sebeos quoted in Goldhill, City of Longing 76. Mann 1.44–7. Shared church and mosques: Ross Burns, Damascus: A History 100–5. Donner, Muhammad: see earlier references.
Early names of Jerusalem: see Sacred Esplanade 13. Palestine/Syria holy land: Koran 5.21. Jewish worship on Temple Mount: Miriam Frenkel, ‘Temple Mount in Jewish Thought’, in Sacred Esplanade 346–8.
The Arabs and armies – elite, tactics, armies, motivation, poverty including camel hair mixed with blood: Ibn Khaldun 162–3; 126. Kennedy, Conquests 40–2, 57–65; style of soldiers and female booty 111–13. Al-Tabari, Tarikh 1.2269–77, 2411–24, 2442–4, 2457–63. These sources describe the Arab invaders of Persia just after the Palestinian conquest. Duri in Asali, Jerusalem 105–9.
4 Muawiya: this portrait is based on R. Stephen Humphreys, Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan: From Arabia to Empire 1–10 and 119–34; family 38–42; rise 43–53. Donner, Muhammad: Muawiya admired by Jews and Christians 141–3; Apocalypse 143–4; first civil war 145–70; reign of Muawiya 171–7; openness 87–9. Jews plan new Temple: Sebeos quoted in Guy Stroumsa, ‘Christian Memories and Visions of Jerusalem in Jewish and Islamic Context’, in Sacred Esplanade 321–33 especially 329–30. Building on Temple Mount, Persian or early Islamic: Tsafrir, ‘70–638 CE: The Templeless Mountain’, Sacred Esplanade 99. Jewish worship on Temple Mount ended by Caliph Omar ibn Abd al-Malik 717–20: Frenkel, ‘Temple Mount in Jewish Thought’, Sacred Esplanade 346–8 Ibn Khaldun: on bayah 166–7; change from theocratic to royal authority 160–8; Christian administration 192; Muawiya – develops the mihrab after attempted assassination 222; introduces sealing of letters 219; introduces throne due to fatness 216. Caesar of the Arabs: Rogerson 326. Mosque: Arculf, St Adamnan, Pilgrimage of Arculfus in the Holy Land 1.1–23.
Lover of Israel (Muawiya) hews Temple Mount, built mosque – Simon ben Yahati quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 199–200; possibility of Muawiya making Jerusalem the capital of Arab empire/adapting Herodian platform from square to rectangular and lowering Antonia Fortress 201. Jewish Arabian food: S. D. Goitein, A Mediterranean Society 1.72. Apocalyptic Midrash and al-Mutahar ibn Tahir attribute building of prayer place on Temple Mount to Muawiya: Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 76. Grabar, Shape of the Holy 50.
Administration by Christians: Mansur ibn Sargun: Burns, Damascus 100–15. Administering Palestine: Rogerson 189–92, including quotation ‘I apply not my sword…’ Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 174.
Othman: Rogerson 233–87. Muawiya’s palaces: Humphreys, Muawiya 10–12; politics of lineage 26–37.
Muawiya on Judgement Day/on Syria/sanctifying land/land of ingathering and Judgement: Hassan, ‘Muslim Literature in Praise of Jerusalem’, in Cathedra 1.170. On Judgement Day: Neuwirth, ‘Jerusalem in Islam: The Three Honorific Names of the City’, OJ 77–93. War against Byzantines: Herrin 91–2. Dome of the Chain: Grabar, Shape of the Holy 130. Bayah allegiance – Tabari quoted in Grabar, Shape of the Holy 111–2. Walks through Christian sites: Humphreys, Muawiya 128–9. Umayyads and Jerusalem: Asali, Jerusalem 108–10. Patron and sheikh: Chase F. Robinson, Abd al-Malik 65. Yazid and succession: Humphreys, Muawiya 96–102. Yazid: Ibn Khaldun 164.