21 Seljuks: Ibn Khaldun 252. Atsiz takes Jerusalem, revolt and storming; Tutush and Ortuqids: Solomon ben Joseph Ha-Kohen, ‘The Turkoman Defeat at Cairo’, American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures January 1906. Hiyari in Azali, Jerusalem 135–7. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 186. Joshua Prawer, Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 7–9. Turkish military tactics: Norman Housley, Fighting for the Cross: Crusading to the Holy Land 111–14. Ortuq and arrow: Runciman 1.76; Seljuks 1.59. Muslim revival including visit of al-Ghazali and Ibn al-Arabi: Mustafa A. Hiyari in Asali, Jerusalem 130–7. Dangers and persecution of Christian pilgrims: William of Tyre 1.71. Tortures, Urban II: Peters, Jerusalem 251; Jews flee to Haifa then Tyre 277. Ruins of Jerusalem sites: Halevi, Selected Poems of Judah Halevi, ed. H. Brody 3–7. Maimonides, Code 28–30. Peters, Jerusalem 276–9. Muslims: Ghazali quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 279–80 and 409; Mujir 66 and 140; Nusseibeh, Country 126–7. Popular history of the Seljuks: John Freely, Storm on Horseback: Seljuk Warriors of Turkey 45–64.
PART FIVE: CRUSADE
1 Crusade, Godfrey, taking of Jerusalem. This account of the Crusades is based on the essential classics Steven Runciman, The Crusades; Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A Short History; Jonathan Riley-Smith, The First Crusade; Joshua Prawer, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem; Denys Pringle, The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus (henceforth Pringle); the works of Benjamin Z. Kedar; and the excellent new books Christopher Tyerman, God’s War; Jonathan Phillips, Holy Warriors; and Thomas Asbridge, The Crusades; along with primary Christian sources William of Tyre, Fulcher of Chartres, Gesta Francorum and Raymond d’Aguilers, and Muslim sources Ibn al-Athir, and later Ibn Qalanisi and Usama bin Munqidh; on warfare, Norman Housley, Fighting for the Cross; on life in Jerusalem, Adrian Boas, Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades.
Raymond and Gesta are quoted in August C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants 242–62; al-Athir and al-Qalanisi are quoted, unless otherwise sourced, in Francesco Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades (henceforth Gabrieli). Storming: al-Athir, Gabrieli 10–11. Tyerman 109–12. 3,000 dead, smaller massacre: Benjamin Z. Kedar, ‘The Jerusalem Massacre of July 1099 in Western Historiography of the Crusades’, in Crusades 3 (2004) 15–75. Phillips, Warriors 24; Asbridge, Crusades 90–104. 3,000 killed on Haram and women killed in Dome of Chains: Ibn al-Arabi quoted in Benjamin Z. Kedar and Denys Pringle, ‘1099–1187: The Lord’s Temple (Templum Domini) and Solomon’s Palace (Palatium Salomonis)’, in Sacred Esplanade 133–49. Prawer, Latin Kingdom 15–33. On Jerusalem image and Holy War: Housley, Fighting for the Cross 26 and 35–8; massacre 217–19. The Princes of the Crusade: Tyerman 116–25; Crusader psychopaths 87. Fragmentation of Arabs and Islamic city states – see William of Tyre and al-Athir quoted in Tyerman 343 and Grabar, Shape of the Holy 18. Runciman 1.280–5. Hiyari in Asali, Jerusalem 137–40.
On Crusader buildings of Jerusalem, thanks to Professor Dan Bahat who gave the author a Crusader tour. On Arnulf morals: B. Z. Kedar, ‘Heraclius’, in B. Z. Kedar, H. E. Mayer and R. C. Smail (eds), Outremer: Studies in the History of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem 182. B. Z. Kedar, ‘A Commentary on the Book of Isaiah Ransomed from the Crusaders’, in Cathedra 2.320. OJ 281. Storming and ransoming of Jews: Prawer, Jews in the Latin Kingdom 19–40. On Jews: Mann 198–201. William of Tyre 1.379–413. The campaign: Tyerman 124–153; storming 155–64; few knights 178. Massacre: al-Athir in Gabrieli 10–11. Storming: Gesta Francorum 86–91. Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem 1.xxiv and xxxiii and 2.vi. up to bridle reins in blood – quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 285. City population statistics: Tyerman 2–3. Turkish tactics: Housley, Fighting for the Cross 111–14; Frankish tactics 118–22.
2 Baldwin I. This portrait is based on William of Tyre 1.416–17; Fulcher, History; Tyerman 200–7; Runciman 1.314–15 and 2.104, including Baldwin’s wives and Adelaide’s arrival in Jerusalem and Sigurd visit 92–3. ‘Saga of Sigurd’ quoted in Wright, Early Travellers 50–62.
Building – use of Citadel, spolia from al-Aqsa for Sepulchre: Boas, Jerusalem 73–80. The Crusader Haram: Kedar and Pringle, ‘1099–1187: The Lord’s Temple (Templum Domini) and Solomon’s Palace (Palatium Salomonis)’, Sacred Esplanade 133–49. Holy Sepulchre: Charles Couasnon, The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem 19–20. Kroyanker 40–3. N. Kenaan, ‘Sculptured Lintels of the Crusader Church of the Holy Sepulchre’, in Cathedra 2.325. Runciman 3.370–2. The traditions and calendar, pilgrims: Tyerman 341. Holy Fire – Daniel the Abbott quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 263–5; methesep and administration of city 301. Calendar and rituals: Boas, Jerusalem 30–2; chief political posts and courts 21–5; coronation 32–5; Golden Gate, on possible Crusader domes 63–4, citing Pringle; Crusader graves on Temple Mount 182; John of Wurzburg says ‘illustrious’ people buried near Golden Gate, Crusader style and workshop on Temple Mount 191–8. Prawer, Latin Kingdom 97–102 on coronations; True Cross 32–3; crown 94–125. On True Cross: Imad quoted in Grabar, Shape of the Holy 136. James Fleming, Biblical Archaeology Review, January–February 1969, 30. Shanks 84–5. Red tent of king: Runciman 2.458–9; Crusader style 3.368–83. Style and reuse of Herodian stones, citadel and towers: Kroyanker 4, 37–43.
3 Baldwin II: Tyerman 206–8. Gift for kingship: al-Qalanisi, Gabrieli 40. Jerusalem: Bahat, Atlas 90–101. Royal palaces, palace close to Sepulchre: Boas, Jerusalem 77–80. Palace: Arnald von Harf quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 355.
On the Orders, this is based on Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Knights of St John in Jerusalem and Cyprus 1050–1310; Piers Paul Read, The Templars; Michael Haag, The Templars: History and Myth; Boas, Jerusalem; and Prawer, Latin Kingdom. Templar Temple Mount: Theodorich, Description of the Holy Places 30–2. Templar traditions, rules: Anonymous Pilgrim quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 323. Military organization, knights, Turcopoles: Tyerman 220, 228 and orders 169. Orders: Boas, Jerusalem 26–30; Templar Temple Mount, baths 142–60; stables quoting John of Wurzburg and Theodorich (10,000 horses) 163; Hospitallers 156–9. Prawer, Latin Kingdom 252–79. Orders: Runciman 2.312–14. Crusaders on Temple Mount: Oleg Grabar, The Dome of the Rock 163. The Crusader Haram: Kedar and Pringle, Sacred Esplanade 133–49. On Temple Mount: Church on Antonia site, Michael Hamilton Burgoyne, Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Survey 204–5; Templar Hall on south-west corner of Temple Mount 260–1; Templar Augustinian Canons north of Dome. Single gate with access to Solomon’s Stables: Archaeological Park 31. On Armenian settlement and rebuilding of St James’s Cathedral after 1141: Dorfmann-Lazarev, ‘Historical Itinerary of the Armenian People in Light of its Biblical Memory’.