6 This account is based on the Parker family archive: special thanks to the present Earl of Morley and his brother the Hon. Nigel Parker for their help and papers. The Times (London) 4 May 1911. New York Times 5 and 7 May 1911. Major Foley, Daily Express 3 and 10 October 1926. Philip Coppens, ‘Found: One Ark of the Covenant?’, Nexus Magazine 13/6, October–November 2006. Silberman 180–8. On riots and high jinks: Vester 224–30. Pappe 142.
7 1910–14. Rogan 147–9. 1908 to rise of Enver: Karsh 95–117. Majower: 280–90 Excitement 1908: Marcus, Jerusalem 1913 66–8, 186. Young Turks and Three Pashas: Finkel 526–32. Abdul-Hamid’s clock: Krämer 75. Visit of Pr Eitel Fritz 1910, fight at Sepulchre; Gilbert, JTC 20–4; Zionist settlement and politics 25–40. Jerusalem as Babel by Weizmann 3–4. Wasserstein 70–81. Augusta Victoria: Storrs 296. Enver coup: Karsh 94–101. Pappe 139–150.
8 Jemal Pasha/First World War. Arrival of Pasha, and ‘beautiful’ parade of Mecca Sheikh Sayeed Alawi Wafakieh with green flag, Wasif 1:167. Kress von Kressenstein on Sheikh’s parade and Suez expedition, Sean McMeekin, Berlin–Baghdad Express, 166–179. Jemal, al-Salahiyya, Enver visit: Wasif 1.232. OJ 57–62. Pappe 150–9. Most quotes from Jemal are either from the diaries of his private secretary Falih Rifki quoted in Geoffrey Lewis, ‘An Ottoman Officer in Palestine 1914–18’, in Kushner, Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period 403–14, or from Djemal Pasha, Memoirs of a Turkish Statesman 1913–19. Franz von Papen, Memoirs 70. Terror, urban planning in Damascus: Burns, Damascus 263–5. Rudolf Hoess, Commandant of Auschwitz 38–41. Rudolf Hess: Vester 209 and 263. On high politics/military: Karsh 105–17; Suez attacks 141; repression of Zionists, NILI spy-ring 160–70. Krämer 143–7. Finkel 533–40. On war declaration and al-Aqsa allegiance, Count Ballobar and Jemaclass="underline" Segev, Palestine 15–20. Hanging Mufti of Gaza: Storrs 371; Jews welcome Kressenstein 288; on Ballobar 303. Arrival of Armenians: Hintlian, History of the Armenians in the Holy Land 65–6. Gilbert, JTC 41–5. Jemal character: Vester 259–67; destruction of Jerusalem plan 81; Rudolf Hess in Jerusalem 208–9 and 263. Fromkin: Jemal terror 209–11. Military campaign: Roger Ford, Eden to Armageddon: World War I in the Middle East 311–61. Jemal takes Faisal to hangings; Jemal, Enver most ruthless: T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom (henceforth Lawrence) 46, 51. The start of the war: George Hintlian, ‘The First World War in Palestine and Msgr. Franz Fellinger’, in Marion Wrba, Austrian Presence in the Holy Land in the 19th and Early 20th Century 179–93. Wasserstein 70–81. Jemal repressions: Karsh 161–70.
9 Death and sex under Jemal. This section is based on the diarists Wasif, Ihsan Turjman, Khalil Sakakini. Political thought, Jerusalem life, nationalism, Jemal and Turkish debauchery, prostitutes in schools, at Turkish parties, on street, Tennenbaum: Salim Tamari, ‘The Short Life of Private Ihsan: Jerusalem 1915’, JQ 30, Spring 2007. Vester, 264–7, 270–1. Wasif 1.160, 167, 168–9, 190, 204, 211, 217, 219, 231. Tamari, ‘Jerusalem’s Ottoman Modernity’, JQ 9, Summer 2000. Adel Manna, ‘Between Jerusalem and Damascus: The End of Ottoman Rule as Seen by a Palestinian Modernist’, JQ 22–23, Autumn/Winter 2005. Jemal repressions: Karsh 161–70. On Syrian nationalism and terror: see Khoury, Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism. Pappe 150–9.
Offer of Wailing Wall to Jews: Henry Morgenthau, United States Diplomacy on the Bosphorus: The Diaries of Ambassador Morgenthau 1913–1916 400: thanks to George Hintlian for bringing this to my attention. Jemal and Jews/Albert Antebi exiled October 1916; asks Jemal ‘What have you done to my Jerusalem?’: Marcus, Jerusalem 1913 138–44; 156–9. Jews, deportations, tired of hangings, Aaronsohn/ NILI: Karsh 166–70. Jemal’s peace offer: Raymond Kevorkian, Le Génocide des Arméniens ch. 7. Prostitution: Vester 264. Leah Tennenbaum and Villa Leah: Segev, Palestine 7. On Jemal, Leah Tennenbaum, feasts, and bons mots on Three Pashas see Conde de Ballobar, Diario de Jerusalén – 26 May 1915 and 9 July 1916. On analysis of Ballobar, see R. Mazza, ‘Antonio de la Cierva y Lewita: Spanish Consul in Jerusalem 1914–1920’, and ‘Dining Out in Times of War’, JQ 40, Winter 2009, and 41, Spring 2010. On ‘bon garçon’ Jemal by Ballobar: Storrs 303–4. See also R. Mazza, Jerusalem from the Ottomans to the British.
10 Portrait of Lawrence is based on Jeremy Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorized Biography of T. E. Lawrence, until otherwise stated. Lawrence, action and reflection: Wilson, Lawrence 19; on Sherif Hussein 656 and unfit to govern 432; Lawrence views pro-Brit pro-Arab 445; ‘tragi-comic’ demands of Sherif 196; Hogarth on Lawrence as moving spirit of McMahon and Revolt 213; early plan for Jerusalem book of Seven Pillars 74; Jerusalem and Beirut, shop-soiled hotel servants 184–5; on the McMahon letters and negotiations, and plan to include Jerusalem in Egypt 212–18; Gertrude Bell on Lawrence intelligence 232; Lawrence on characters of Abdullah and Faisal 305–9 and 385–7; his concept of guerilla warfare and insurgency 314; killing, Buffalo Bill 446; on sexual comedy 44; 27 Articles on how to lead an Arab insurgency 960–5; clothes 333–5; Sykes 230–3; can’t stand lies 410–12; Sykes–Picot, Lawrence informs Faisal 361–5; Aqaba plan 370–81; executes murderer 383; American description of Lawrence at Versailles 604–5. Lawrence lack of scruples, ‘genius for backing into the limelight’: Margaret Macmillan, Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and its Attempt to End War 399–401. George Antonius, The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement 8–12, 245–50. Rogan 150–7. Karsh on Lawrence and Arab Revolt: man with the gold 191. Janet Wallach, Desert Queen: The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Belclass="underline" imp 299. Hashemite/Sherifian dynasty: Avi Shlaim, Lion of Jordan: The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace 1–10. Schneer 24–6. Lawrence: Storrs 467 and 202. Silberman 190–2. Sherifian descent and family: Lawrence 48; Abdullah too clever 64–7, 219–20; Faisal Arab clothes 129; Lawrence character, ‘brain as quick and silent as a wild cat’ 580–1; egotistical curiosity 583; Faisal pity 582. Arab Revolt: Karsh 199–221; Sykes–Picot 222–43. Karl E. Meyer and S. B. Brysac, Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East on Arab Revolt, Sykes–Picot 107–13. Karsh: 171–221; Sykes–Picot 222–46. Fromkin 218–28; Kitchener and views of Wingate and Storrs 88–105 and 142; Sykes 146–9; McMahon 173–87; Sykes–Picot 188–99. The best detailed account of McMahon remains Elie Kedourie, In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: The McMahon–Husayn Correspondence and its Interpretations. Schneer gives an excellent account 32–48 and 64–74.
11 Arab Revolt/British advance/Falkenhayn: Papen, 7–84. Jemal shows Falkenhayn Dome: OJ 276. Antonius, Arab Awakening 8–12, 245–50. Rogan 150–7. Shlaim, Lion of Jordan 1–10. Lawrence: Storrs 467 and 202; Silberman 190–2. On Sherifians: Lawrence 48, 64–7, 219–20, 129, 582; on himself 580–3. Taking of Aqaba and report to Allenby: Wilson, Lawrence 400–20; rape at Deraa 462–4. Arab Revolt: Karsh 171–221; Sykes–Picot 22–43. Meyer and Brysac, Kingmakers 107–13. Fromkin 88–105, 142; Sykes 146–9, 218–28; McMahon 173–87; Sykes–Picot 188–99; Jemal terror 209–11; Jemal bids for power himself 214–15. Jemal peace offer. S. McMeekin, Berlin-Baghdad Express 294–5. Scheer 87–103; on NILI ring 171–2. Enver visit: Wasif 1.232–3. Enver/wartime Jerusalem: Vester 246–71. On spy-rings, Sakakini, Levine, Jemal terror, brothels, NILI: Manna, ‘Between Jerusalem and Damascus’, JQ 22–23, Autumn/Winter 2005 (quoting Turkish security policeman Aziz Bey). Sakakini and Levine: Segev, Palestine 13–15. Aaronsohn: Fromkin 309. Marcus, Jerusalem 1913 149–51.