plei-sha — player (person)
lekti — to read
lekti-sha — reader (person)
kapti — to catch
kapti-sha — catcher
To specify the meaning of tool/ device/appliance, one may use the suffixes -(i)ka (see above) or compound words with tul (tool, instrument):
ofni — to open
ofnika — opener
plei — play
pleika — toy, plaything
vinti — to screw
vintitul — screwdriver
komuniki — to communicate
komunikitul — means of communication
The suffix -ista denotes a person in relation to a certain doctrine (‘ism’) or profession:
komunista — communist
metodista — methodist
dentista — dentist
artista — artist
spesialista — specialist
This suffix is basically applied to other nouns.
The words ending in -or, -ator.
LdP also imports common European words ending in -or, -ator which mean either doer or tooclass="underline"
kalkulator — calculator
ventilator — ventilator
aktor — actor
direktor — director
profesor — professor
NB: Not every word meaning a tool must have a suffix. Many verbs are derived from tool-nouns: 'hamri' to hammer from 'hamra' hammer. Abstract nouns meaning quality
Abstract nouns meaning quality (as such) are formed with the suffixes -nesa and -(i)taa:
feble — weak
feblenesa — weakness
dule — tender
dulenesa — tenderness (-nesa is simply added)
diverse — diverse
diversitaa — diversity
probable — probable
probablitaa — probability
amiga — friend
amigitaa — friendship
If a word ends in the vowel e/a, it is transformed into -itaa. For adjectives like ‘gao, lao’ and those ending in a consonant the suffix has the form -taa:
shao — little (in quantity)
shaotaa — scarcity
karim — kind, good
karimtaa — kindness
donishil — generous
donishiltaa — generosity
• The suffix -(i)taa differs in that the nouns formed with it have a broader meaning: not only that of quality but also that of a particular phenomenon connected with this quality:
reale — real
realenesa — realness
realitaa — reality (world)
gao — high
gaonesa — highness
gaotaa — height
vere — true
verenesa — trueness
veritaa — truth
• The suffix -nesa also derives from verbs nouns with the meaning of the state which results from the action (-edness) or is otherwise connected with action:
adapti — to adapt
adaptinesa — adaptedness
koni — be acquainted with
koninesa — acquaintance
godi — be fitted/suited (for)
godinesa — suitability, fitness
• A special case.
For adjectives which are longer than 2 syllables and end in -ente or -ante, abstract nouns end in -ensia or -ansia correspondingly:
presente — present
presensia — presence
abundante — abundant
abundansia — abundance Other suffixes
The suffix -yuan means "employee, worker, organization member":
kafeeyuan — cafe worker
partiayuan — party member
polisyuan — policeman
shopyuan — shop worker
koalisionyuan — coalition member
The suffix -nik (when it is added the word's last vowel may be dropped) denotes a person as bearer of some characteristic feature or adherent of something:
batalnik — scrapper
fobnik — coward
shwonik — chatterer
novnik — novice
sindomnik — homeless person
fishnik — enthusiastic fisherman
ginnik — womanizer
sportnik — lover of sport
pyannik — drunkard
safarnik — confirmed traveller
The suffix -inka denotes one small part of something:
ramla — sand
ramlinka — grain of sand
snega — snow
sneginka — snowflake
pluva — rain
pluvinka — drop of rain
The suffix -menga denotes a certain multitude, gathering of uniform objects:
moskamenga — swarm of flies
jenmenga — crowd
The suffix -tot (from tota — a whole) means a whole, aggregate, system:
antra — gut
antratot — intestine Compound words with jen, man, gina
auslanda — foreign countries
auslandajen — foreigner
auslandagina — female foreigner
auslandaman — male foreigner
samtaimjen — contemporary
samtaimgina — female contemporary
samtaimman — male contemporary
jadu — sorcery
jadujen — sorcerer/sorceress
jadugina — sorceress, witch
jaduman — sorcerer
lao — old
laojen — old person
laogina — old woman
laoman — old man Names of countries, peoples and languages
Names of countries are written with a capital letter and are close to how they sound in the official language of the country:
Espania — Spain
Jungwo — China
Portugal — Portugal
Rusia — Russia
Nipon — Japan
Doichland — Germany
Frans — France
Ingland — England.
In case the country has two names or two official languages, it may have also an alternative name, especially if those names are not similar to each other:
Suomi / Finland — Finland
Bharat / India — India
But:
Belgie — Belgium (based on Dutch, the country's name in the two other official languages, German and French, sounds similar).
Composite names are translated into LdP:
Unisi-ney Statas de Amerika (USA) — The United States of America.
A compound word from country's name and 'jen' (man) denotes an inhabitant/subject of the country (written with a hyphen):
Suomi-jen — an inhabitant of Finland
Rusia-jen — an inhabitant of Russia
Jungwo-jen — an inhabitant of China
USA-jen — a person living in the USA
These compound words should not be mixed with words for etnicity (a Russian, a Finn).
For ethnicity and the corresponding language a special word is used. It is close to how people refer to themselves. It plays the role of noun as well as adjective. "jen" and "lingwa" may be used for precision. Examples:
ruski — Russian; a Russian; the Russian language
me es ruski (jen) — I am Russian
me shwo ruski (lingwa) — I speak Russian
ruski fabula — a Russian fairy tale
inglish — English; an Englishman/-woman; the English language:
me bu shwo inglish — I don't speak English
doiche — German; a German; the German language:
doiche exaktitaa — German punctuality