All the schismatics are Slnvophils.
All the clergy, both white and black, are Slavophils of another sort.
The soldiers who demnnded the removal of Barclay de Tolly3
on account of his Germnn name \vere the precursors of Khomyakov and his friends.
The war of 1 8 1 2 grently developed the feeling of nntional consciousness and love for the Fatherland. But there was nothing of the Old Believers' Slavonic spirit in the patriotism of 1 8 1 2
which w e see in Karamzin and Pushkin, and i n the Emperor Alexander himself. Practically it wns the expression of tha t instinct of strength which all powerful nations feel when they are provoked by others; afterwards it was the triumphant feeling 3 Barclay de Tolly was one of the ablest of the Russian generals of 1 8 1 2.
He was, as a matter of fact. of Scottish, not of German, descent. ( Tr.)
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of victory, the proud sense of successful resistance. But it was
\veak on the theoretical side; in order to love Russian history the patriots adapted it to European manners; in general they translated Greek and Roman patriotism from French into Russian and did not go beyond the line 'Pour un coeur bien ne que la patrie est chere!'� Shishkov5 was raving even then, it is true, about the restoration of archaic forms of language, but his influence was limited. As for the real speech of the people, the only person who showed a knowledge of it was the Frenchified Count Rostopchin in his proclamations and manifestoes.6
As the war was forgotten this patriotism subsided and finally degenerated on the one hand into the mean cynical flattery of the Northern Bee, on the other into the vulgar patriotism of Zagoskin, which called Shuya Manchester, and Shebuyev7
Raphael, and boasted of bayonets and the distance from the ice of Torneo to the mountains of the Crimea.
In the reign of Nicholas patriotism became something associated with the knout, with the police, especially in Petersburg, where this savage movement ended, conformably to the cosmopolitan spirit of the town, in the invention of a national hymn after Sebastian BachS and in Prokopy Lyapunov9-after SchillerP0
� !\Iisquoted from Voltaire's Tancred ( Act III, scene 1 ) . (A.S.) 5 Shishko\·, Alexander Semenovich ( l i54-1 841 ) . began his career as a naval officer and attained the rank of vice-admiral but. disappro\·ing of the reforms of the early years of Alexander's reign, left the navy. From 1 8 1 2 be became prominent as a writer and president of the Academy, and from 1 824 to 1 828 was !\Iinister of Public Instruction. Intensely conservative and patriotic, he bitterly opposed every new movement i�
literature and politics. ( Tr. ) He was a leader of the 'Slavonic' party. (R.) G Herzen is referring ironically to the pseudo-homespun language of the patriotic proclamations issued in 1 8 1 2 by F. V. Rostopchin, Commanderin-Chief and Military Governor of l\loscow. ( A .S.)
� Shebuye\-. \'asily Kuz'mich ( 1 776- 1 855), was a well known painter of historical pictures in the pseudo-classical style. ( Tr. )
� At first the national hymn was very naiwly sung to the tune of 'God Save the King.' and indeed it was scarcely ewr sung. It was among the innovations of l\'icholas. From the time of the Polish "'ar the national hymn composed by Colonel Lvo\· of the Corps of Gendarmes was, by Imperial command, sung at all the royal festivities and at large concerts.
The Emperor Alexander was too well educated to like crude flattery; he listened with disgust in Paris to the Academicians' despicable speeches grovelling at the feet of the Conqueror. On one occasion meeting Chateaubriand in his front hall he showed him the latest number of the Journal des Debats, and added: 'I assure you I have ne\·er seen such dull abjectness in any Russian paper.' But in the time of Nicholas there
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To cut himself off from Europe, from enlightenment, from the revolution of which he had been frightened since the Fourteenth of December, 1825, Nicholas on his side raised the banner of Orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationalism, embellished after the fashion of the Prussian standard and supported by anything that came to hand-the barbaric novels of Zagoskin, barbaric ikonpainting, barbaric architecture, Uvarov,11 the persecution of the Uniats12 and 'The Hand of the Most High Saved the Fatherland.'13
The encounter of the Moscow Slavophils with the Petersburg Slavophilism of Nicholas was a great misfortune for the former.
Nicholas was simply flying to nationalism and Orthodoxy from revolutionary ideas. The Slavophils had nothing in common with him but words. Their extremes and absurdities were at a ll events disinterestedly absurd, and had no connection with the Third Division or with ecclesiastical jurisdiction; which of were literary men who justified his monarchical confidence, and beat into a cocked hat all the journalists of 1 8 1 4 and even some of the prefects of 1852. Bulgarin wrote in the Northern Bee that among the other advantages of the railway between Moscow and Petersburg, he could not think without emotion that the same man would be able to hear a service for the health of His Imperial Majesty in the morning in the Kazan Cathedral, and in the evening in the Kremlin! One would have thought it difficult to excel this awful absurdity, but there was found a literary man in Moscow who surpassed Bulgarin in elegance. On one of Nicholas's visits to Moscow a learned professor [M. P. Pogodin (A.S. ) ] wrote an article in which, speaking of the mass of people crowding before the palace, he added that the Tsar had but to express the faintest desireand those thousands who had come to gaze at him would gladly fling themselves into the River Moskva. The sentence was erased by Count S. G. Strogonov, who told me this nice anecdote.
9 Lyapunov, a national hero who fought the Poles in the 'Time of Troubles.' Several plays were written about him--one by Stepan Alexandrovich Gedeonov ( 1 8 1 6-78 ) , on which Turgenev wrote a criticism.
10 I was at the first performance of Lyapunov in Moscow and saw the hero tuck up his sleeves and say something like, 'I shall amuse myself with the shedding of Polish blood.' A hollow groan of repulsion broke from the whole body of the theatre: even the gendarmes, policemen, and people in the stalls, so undistinguished that even the numbers on their seats seemed to have been worn away. could not find the strength to applaud.
11 Uvarov, Sergey Semenovich ( 1 786--1 855 ) , president of the Academy of Sciences, 1 8 1 8-55 ; Minister for Public Enlightenment, 1 833--49. (R.) 12 The Uniats are members of the Greek Church who accept the supremacy of ;he Pope. ( Tr. ) 13 'The Hand of the Most High Saved th.:! Fatherland' is the title of a play by N. V. Kukolnik, 1 809-68. (Tr. )
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course did not in any way prevent their absurdities from br>ing extraordinarily absurd.
For instance there was staying in Moscow, on his way through, at the end of the 'thirties the Panslavist Gay v1rho afterwards playt:>d an obscure part as a Croatian agitator and was a t the same time closely connected with the Ban o f Croatia, Jdlachich. H lVfoscow pf'ople as a rule trust all foreigners: Gay was more than a foreigner, more than one of themselves; he was both at once ; so he had no difficulty in touching the hearts of our Slavophils with the fatt:> of tht:>ir sufft:>ring Orthodox brothers in Dalmatia and Croatia ; a hugt:> subscription was raised in a few days, and more than this, Gay was given a dinner in the name of all Serbian and Ruthenian sympathies. At the dinner one of the mildest of the Slavophils, both in voict:> and interests, a man of the reddest Orthodoxy, probably vext:>d by the toasts to the lVTontent:>grin prelatt:> and to various grt:>at Bosnians, Czechs and Slovaks, improvised some verst's in \vhich tht:> following not quite Christian exprt:>ssion occurred :