1 22 Hadot, "La philosophic antique: une ethique ou une pratique?," pp. 1 7-18.
1 23 Ibid, p. 1 1 8, speaking of Marcus Aurelius' Meditations.
1 24 Ibid, p. 1 7.
1 25 Carlo Natali, Rios Theoretikos. La vita d 'Aristotele e l'orga11iuazione de/la sua scuola, Bologna 1 99 1 , p. 98.
1 26 Hadot, "La philosophic antique: une cthique ou une pratiquc?,'' pp. 1 6- 1 7 .
1 27 Ibid, p . 1 5 .
1 28 Hadot, "Philosophic, discours philosophique, e t divisions d e l a philosophic chez les stoiciens," p. 2 1 6, and Hadot, "La philosophic antique: une cthique ou une pratique?," p. 1 6.
1 29 Hadot, "La philosophic antique: une cthique ou une pratique?," p. 1 6.
1 30 Ibid.
1 3 1 See the section "Learning to Die" in "Spiritual Exercises," this volume, pp. 93-1 0 1 .
1 32 Ilsetraut Hadot, "Preface," i n Seneca, Consolations, Paris 1 992, p. 1 7.
1 33 Ibid, pp. 1 8-19.
1 34 Ibid, p. 19.
135 "Forms of Life and Forms of Discourse in Ancient Philosophy,'' this volume, pp. 58-60. On the unclassifiability of the philosopher, see pp. 55-60.
1 36 1-Iadot, "Preface,'' in Dictionnaire des philosophes antiques, p. 12.
1 37 Xenophon, Memorabilia, IV, 4, 10. Hadot offers two slightly different translations of this remark. One can be found in the essay "The Figure of Socrates,'' this volume. I have cited the one from "La philosophic antique: une ethique ou une pratiquc?," p. 36.
1 38 See the opening pages of both "Spiritual Exercises" and "Ancient Spiritual l•:xerciNc11 and 'ChriHliim PhiloNophy'," this volume.
42
Introduction
1 39 On the ancient doctrine of the division of the parts of philosophy, see Pierre Hadot, "Les divisions des parties de la philosophic," Museum Helveticum 36
( 1 979), pp. 201 -23.
1 40 Hadot, "La philosophic antique: une ethique ou unc pratique?," pp. 1 8-29; Hadot, "Philosophic, discours philosophique, et divisions de la philosophic chez Jes stoiciens"; and Hadot, la Citatklk interiturt, ch. S.
1 4 1 Hadot, "La philosophic antique: une ethique ou une pratique?," pp. 1 9-20.
1 42 Ibid, pp. 20-- 1 .
1 43 Ibid, pp. 2 1 -4.
1 44 Hadot, "Philosophic, discours philosophique, et divisions de la philosophic chez Jes stoiciens," p. 212. See also Hadot, la Citarltllt interiturt, p. 98, and
"Philosophy as a Way of Life," this volume.
1 4S See ch. 7, this volume. I have discussed Hadot's criticisms of Foucault at length in "Ethics as ascetics: Foucauh, the history of ethics and ancient thought,"
in Jan Goldstein, ed., Foucault a11rl tht Writing of History, Oxford 1994.
1 46 See Veyne's remarks in lts Crees, Its Romai11s ti nous. l 'Antiquite est-tile modtrnt?, ed. Roger Pol-Droit, Paris 199 1 , pp. S7 8.
-
1 47 Sec Hadot, "Philosophic, discours philosophiquc, ct divisions de la philosophic chez Jes stoiciens"; Hadot, "La philosophic antique: une ethique ou une pratique?," pp. 25-6; and Hadot, la Citadellt irllerit11rt, pp. 94-8. Zeno of Tarsus was an exception to this doctrine; see Diogenes Laertius, lives of Eminml Philosophers, VII, 39 and 4 1 .
1 48 Hadot, "Philosophic, discours philosophique, et divisions d e l a philosophic chez les stoiciens," p. 21 1 .
1 49 Reading together Hadot, "La philosophic antique: une ethique ou une pratique?,"
p. 26, and Hadot, "Philosophic, discours philosophique, ct divisions de la philosophic chcz les stoicicns," p. 2 1 2.
I SO Reading together Hadot, "Philosophic, discours philosophiquc, et divisions de la philosophic chez lcs stoiciens," p. 212, and Hadot, "La philosophic antique: une ethique OU unc pratique? ,'' p. 26.
I S l Hadot, la Citadtllt interiturt, p. 98. Sec also Hadot, "Philosophic, discours philosophique, et divisions de la philosophic chez Jes stoiciens," p. 2 1 2.
I S2 Hadot, "Les divisions des parties de la philosophic," p. 2 1 1 .
1 S3 Ibid, p. 2 1 2.
1 54 Ibid. For Augustine, see Tht Cio1 of God, book 8, ch. 4, and book 2, ch. 2S.
l SS Hadot, "Les divisions des parties de la philosophic," p. 2 1 1 . See also Hadot,
"Philosophic, discours philosophique, et divisions de la philosophic chez Jes stoiciens," pp. 218-19, and Hadot, la Citatkllt interiturt, pp. 99-1 1 5. I have not presented here Hadot's discussion of those classifications of the parts of philosophy based essentially on the notion of spiritual progress. See Hadot, "Les divisions des parties de la philosophic," pp. 218-2 1 .
1 S6 Hadot, "La philosophic antique: une cthique ou une pratiquc?," p . 27.
1 S7 Ibid, p. 28.
1 58 Hadot, "Presentation au College International de Philosophic," p. 4.
1 59 Hadot, "La philosophic antique: unc ethi,1ue ou unc pratiquc?,'' p. ZH.
1 <10 Had111, "Presentation au Collc!(c International de Philosophic," p. <f. Sec
Introduction
43
also "Philosophy as a Way of Life," this volume. Hadot also develops this theme at the conclusion of his unpublished paper on Thoreau's Walden,/'Reflexions sur Walden," delivered at the Ecole Nonnale Superieure, June 1993.
161 Cited by Hadot in "La philosophic antique: une ethique ou une pratique?,"
pp. 1 3-14.
1 62 Cited in "Philosophy as a Way of Life," this volume, p. 267.
1 63 Epictetus, Discourses, IV, 4, 1 3 . Cited in Hadot, "La philosophic antique: une Cthique OU une pratique?," p. 2 1 .
1 64 Cited by Ilsetraut Hadot, "Aristote dans l'enseignement philosophique neoplatonicien. Les prefaces des commentaires sur Jes Categories," Revue de thtologie et de phi/osophie 1 24 ( 1 992), p. 4 1 9, n. 38.
1 65 Hadot, "La philosophic antique: une ethique ou une pratique?," pp. 28-9.
1 66 Pierre Hadot, "Le Genie du lieu dans la Grece antique,'' in Michel Crepu, Richard Figuier, and Rene Louis, eds, Hauls lieux, Paris 1 990, p. 1 50. For a discussion of the role of this fragment, especially in the mysticism of Pseudo
Dionysius, see Ysabel de Andia, "na9ci>u ta �eta", in Stephen Gersh and Charles Kannengiesser, eds, Platonism in late Antiqui(y, Notre Dame 1 992.
1 67 Hadot, "Le Genie du lieu dans la Grece antique,'' p. 1 50. Hadot is following the interpretation of D. Sabbatucci, Essai sur le mysticisme gru, Paris 1 982.
1 68 1-ladot, "Le Genie du lieu dans la Grece antique,'' p. 1 50, my emphasis.
1 69 Hadot, "La philosophic antique: une ethique ou une pratique?," p. 34.
1 70 Ibid.
1 7 1 Ibid. p. 35. For extensive discussion, see Pierre Hadot, Plotin. Traite 38, Paris 1 988, pp. 44-52 and 347-5 1 .
1 72 Hadot, Plotin. Traite 38, reading together p. 45 and p . 349.
1 73 Pierre Hadot, "Apophatisme et theologie negative,'' in Exercices spirituels, p. 193.
1 74 Hadot, "Le Genie du lieu dans la Grece antique,'' p. 1 52, my emphasis. For a discussion of Hadot's interpretation of Plotinus' mysticism, see my "Reading Hadot reading Plotinus," intro. in Pierre Hadot, Plotinus or the Simplicity of Vision, Chicago 1993 .
1 75 Pierre Hadot, "Postface a la seconde edition," in Exercices spirituels, p. 236.
1 76 Ibid .
1 77 Natali, Bios Theoretikos, pp. 1 37-8. Natali's remark is made with particular reference to On the Parts of Ani,,1als, 645a 7-1 0. For the dangers of viewing Aristotle as if he were a modern university professor, and as if the life of theoria were purely abstract, or the career of a modern scientist, see Natali, Bios Theoretikos, pp. 67-74 and 1 29-38.