2. Istoricheskie mesta Tbilisi. Putevoditel’ po mestam, svyazannym s zhizn’yu i deyatel’nost’yu I. V. Stalina, pp. 30–1.
3. I am grateful to Peter Strickland for his advice on nineteenth-century European architecture.
4. See M. Agursky, ‘Stalin’s Ecclesiastical Background’, pp. 3–4.
5. Ibid., p. 6.
6. The original Russian was sobachii yazyk, literally translatable as ‘a dog’s language’. In either translation, however, it was very offensive to Georgians.
7. T. Darlington, Education in Russia, p. 286.
8. Ibid., p. 287.
9. N. Zhordaniya, Moya zhizn’, p. 8.
10. T. Darlington, Education in Russia, p. 288.
11. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 17, p. 1.
12. T. Darlington, Education in Russia, p. 286.
13. J. Iremaschwili, Stalin und die Tragödie Georgiens, pp. 16–17.
14. J. Davrichewy, Ah! Ce qu’on rigolait bien, p. 113.
15. N. Zhordaniya, Moya zhizn’, p. 11.
16. Ibid., p. 12.
17. G. Uratadze, Vospominaniya gruzinskogo sotsial-demokrata, pp. 58–9.
18. N. Zhordaniya, Moya zhizn’, pp. 25 and 27. Zhordania had earlier turned down the invitation from Ilya Chavchavadze to edit Iveria: he wanted complete political autonomy.
19. Ibid., pp. 29–30.
20. Istoricheskie mesta Tbilisi, p. 25.
21. Iveria, no. 23 (1895).
22. N. Zhordaniya, Moya zhizn’, p. 31.
23. deda ena (ed. Y. Gogebashvili: 1912 edition).
24. I. Stalin, Stikhi, p. 3. Several biographies of Stalin wrongly assume that the dedicatee was Giorgi Eristava, the poet exiled to the Polish provinces of the Russian Empire in 1832.
25. M. Kun cites archives indicating that the Eristavi poem was recalled as ‘revolutionary’ in content by a fellow seminarist: see Stalin: An Unknown Portrait, p. 77.
26. A more plausible version of this story was that the seminarists borrowed the books in the normal fashion for a fee and took it in turns to copy them out by hand: M. Chiaureli’s memoir of a conversation with Stalin in A Fadeer (ed.), Vstrechi s tovarishchem Stalinym, pp. 156–7.
27. Stalin: v vospominaniyakh sovremennikov i dokumentov epokhi, p. 24.
28. J. Iremaschwili, Stalin und die Tragödie Georgiens, p. 20.
29. ‘I. V. Stalin o “Kratkom kurse po istorii VKP(b)”. Stenogramma vystupleniya no soveshchanii propagandistov Moskvy i Leningrada’, Istoricheskii arkhiv, no. 5 (1994), p. 12.
30. See the results in RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, dd. 48 and 665.
31. Y. Gogebashvili, deda ena (1912). The State House-Museum of I. V. Stalin in Gori also holds the 1916 edition in Hall I.
32. Pupils’ records from the Tiflis Seminary for 1898–9: RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 53, p. 1.
33. Stalin’s account in 1931, reproduced in Istoricheskie mesta Tbilisi, p. 29.
5. Marxist Militant
1. Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin: biografiya (2nd edn), p. 10. Since such an occupation was hardly to Stalin’s credit as a Marxist militant it is probably true.
2. Hall I, GDMS.
3. See the magnetic tape and various written records in Hall II, GDMS.
4. Istoricheskie mesta Tbilisi. Putevoditel’ po mestam, svyazannym s zhizn’yu i deyatel’nost’yu I. V. Stalina, pp. 30–1.
5. Ibid., p. 32.
6. Lado Ketskhoveli: Sbornik dokumentov i materialov, pp. 174–5.
7. J. Iremaschwili, Stalin und die Tragödie Georgiens, p. 24.
8. A. Gio, Zhizn’ podpol’nika, p. 25 (writing about the group led by Stalin’s acquaintance Silva Dzhibladze).
9. Ibid., p. 54.
10. J. Davrichewy, Ah! Ce qu’on rigolait bien, p. 111.
11. N. Zhordaniya, Moya zhizn’, pp. 29–30.
12. J. Iremaschwili, Stalin und die Tragödie Georgiens, p. 25.
13. Ibid.
14. G. Uratadze, Vospominaniya gruzinskogo sotsial-demokrata, pp. 66–7.
15. See E. Smith, The Young Stalin, p. 78.
16. See below, pp. 72–4.
17. See the forthcoming history of Georgian Marxism by Stephen Jones, chapter 4. A succinct summary of N. Zhordaniya’s ideas appeared in his ‘Nat-sional’nyi vopros’, Bor’ba, no. 2 (1914), pp. 26–31.
18. Stalin’s account at a Kremlin meeting of 28 December 1945, recorded by V. D. Mochalov: Slovo tovarishchu Stalinu, p. 461.
19. A. Yenukidze, ‘Istoriya organizatsiya i raboty nelegal’nykh tipografii R.S.D.R.P. (bol’shevikov) na Kavkaze za vremya ot 1900 po 1906 g.’ in Tekhnika bol’shevistskogo podpol’ya, p. 20.
20. L. B. Krasin, ‘Bol’shevistskaya partiinaya tekhnika’ in ibid., p. 10.
21. G. Uratadze, Vospominaniya gruzinskogo sotsial-demokrata, p. 193; A. S. Yenukidze, ‘Istoriya organizatsii i raboty nelegal’nykh tipografii R.S.R.P. (bol’shevikov) na Kavkaze’, pp. 20–5; N. Zhordaniya, Moya zhizn’, p. 35.
22. S. T. Arkhomed, Rabochee dvizhenie i sotsial-demokratiya na Kavkaze, pp. 81–4.
23. G. Uratadze, Vospominaniya gruzinskogo sostial-demokrata, pp. 66–7.
24. S. T. Arkhomed, Rabochee dvizhenie i sotsial-demokratiya na Kavkaze, pp. 81–4.
25. Stalin i Khasim (1901–1902 gg.). The importance of this account was established by M. Kun, Stalin: An Unknown Portrait, pp. 49–50. My thanks to George Hewitt for advice on Abkhazian nomenclature and on the peasant’s probable nationality.
26. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 1, pp. 11–31.
27. See Stalin’s account at a Kremlin meeting of 28 December 1945, recorded by V. D. Mochalov: Slovo tovarishchu Stalinu, p. 461.
28. Ibid., p. 462.
29. A. Yenukidze, ‘Istoriya organizatsiya i raboty nelegal’nykh tipografii’, p. 28.
30. Ibid.
31. N. Zhordaniya, Moya zhizn’, p. 30.
32. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 1, pp. 7 and 9.
33. S. Kavtaradze, tsareulis purtsebli, vol. 1, pp. 17–20. I am grateful to Zakro Megreleshvili for his help in translating this important memoir for me.
34. G. Uratadze, Vospominaniya gruzinskogo sotsial-demokrata, p. 70.
35. S. Alliluev, Proidënnyi put’, p. 109.
36. G. Uratadze, Vospominaniya gruzinskogo sotsial-demokrata, p. 68.
37. Ibid., p. 66.
38. Ibid., p. 65.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid., p. 66.
41. S. Kavtaradze, tsareulis purtsebli, vol. 1, p. 17.
42. Ibid., p. 18.