43. Ibid., p. 20; Stalin’s account as given to a confidential meeting of leading official propagandists on 28 December 1945: see V. D. Mochalov’s notes in Slovo tovarishchu Stalinu, p. 463.
44. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 1, p. x: comment by the anonymous editorial group of the Institute of Marx–Engels–Lenin.
45. S. Kavtaradze, Tsareulis purtsebli, vol. 1, pp. 17–20.
46. Ibid., p. 18.
47. Ibid.
6. The Party and the Caucasus
1. S. Kavtaradze, tsareulis purtsebli, vol. 1, p. 24.
2. Revolyutsiya 1905 goda v Zakavkaz’i, pp. 70–1.
3. Ibid., p. 89.
4. S. Vereshchak, ‘Stalin v tyur’me’, part 2, Dni, 24 January 1928.
5. Perepiska V.I. Lenina i rukovodimykh im uchrezhdenii RSDRP s mestnymi partiinymi organizatsiyami, 1905–1907, vol. 2, part 1, p. 294.
6. Pravda, 24 April 1920. Whether this had really been Stalin’s initial reaction to Lenin is a matter of speculation, for in describing Lenin positively in such terms he was implicitly recommending himself as well as Lenin to the audience in April 1920. Nevertheless it is not an improbable reaction.
7. B. Gorev, ‘Za kulisami pervoi revolyutsii’, pp. 16–17; I. V. Stalin, Pravda, 24 April 1920.
8. Editorial note by R. Markova, Chetvërtyi (ob”edinitel’nyi) s”ezd RSDRP (1949 edition), p. 34.
9. M. Stugart in his readers’ queries column, Dagens Nyheter, 22 March 2004.
10. Chetvërtyi s”ezd, p. 116.
11. Ibid., p. 224.
12. Ibid., p. 311.
13. Ibid., pp. 78–9, 81 and 116.
14. Ibid., pp. 78–9 and 224.
15. J. Davrichewy, Ah! Ce qu’on rigolait bien, p. 228.
16. V. Alliluev, Khronika odnoi sem’i, p. 108.
17. See the account by M. Kun, Stalin. An Unknown Portrait, pp. 342–3.
18. See below, pp. 92–4.
19. See below, pp. 75–6.
20. W. J. Fishman, East End 1888, pp. 131–72
21. Ye. Yemel’yanov in Stalin. K shestidesyatiyu so dnya rozhdeniya, p. 197.
22. See K. Weller, ‘Don’t Be a Soldier!’, p. 85.
23. Daily Express, 5 January 1950.
24. Pyatyi (londonskii) s”ezd RSDRP, p. 121.
25. N. Zhordaniya, Moya zhizn’, p. 53.
7. On the Run
1. R. G. Suny, ‘A Journeyman for the Revolution’, pp. 373–4.
2. Diskussionnyi Listok. Prilozhenie k Tsentral’nomu Organu ‘Sotsial-demokrat’ (Paris), 24 May/7 June 1910, pp. 26–7. He had probably written this before being arrested. A rejoinder by Noe Zhordania was included in the same issue, pp. 28–30.
3. Ibid., pp. 26–8.
4. Krasnyi arkhiv, no. 2 (1941), pp. 14 and 17–18.
5. A. Allilueva, Vospominaniya, p. 109.
6. Pyatyi (londonskii) s”ezd RSDRP, p. 87.
7. J. Iremaschwili, Stalin und die Tragödie Georgiens, p. 40.
8. Ibid., p. 39.
9. Ibid. David Machavariani, one of Joseph Dzhughashvili’s school friends, corroborated — after the Second World War — the deep effects of his wife’s death: J. Davrishewy, Ah! Ce qu’on rigolait bien, p. 35.
10. See above, chapter 1.
11. J. Iremaschwili, Stalin und die Tragödie Georgiens, p. 39.
12. S. Kavtaradze, tsareulis purtsebli, vol. 1, p. 99.
13. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 1, pp. 314–15.
14. RGASPI, f. 71, op. 10, d. 275. See M. Kun, Stalin. An Unknown Portrait, p. 18 for a full account.
15. S. Talakvadze, K istorii Kommunisticheskoi partii Gruzii, p. 118.
16. R. Brackman, The Secret File, pp. 133–5, 186–93 and 281–9.
17. G. Uratadze, Vospominaniya gruzinskogo sotsial-demokrata, p. 67.
18. A. Gio, Zhizn’ podpol’nika, p. 67.
19. Ibid., p. 69.
20. Ibid., p. 70.
21. Ibid., pp. 70 and 72.
22. Ibid., p. 73.
23. J. Davrichewy, Ah! Ce qu’on rigolait bien, pp. 174 and 199. Stalin also acknowledged to Kandide Charkviani that ‘exes’ were carried out by his party group: see p. 14 of his unpublished memoirs.
24. Davrichewy, Ah! Ce qu’on rigolait bien, pp. 175–6 and 188–9.
25. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 13, p. 222: interview with Emile Ludwig.
26. See above, pp. 36–7.
27. RGASPI, f. 332, op. 1, ed.kh. 53. This source was first discussed by M. Kun in Stalin: An Unknown Portrait, pp. 77–9.
28. See B. Nikolaevskii, ‘K istorii “Bol’shevistskogo Tsentra”’, vol. 1, p. 68: Nikolaevskii Papers, St Antony’s College Library, Oxford.
29. R. Arsenidze, Novyi zhurnal, no. 72 (1963), p. 232; Yu. Martov, Vperë d, no. 51, 31 March 1918; Pravda, 1 April 1918.
30. See the memoir by Semën Vereshchak, ‘Stalin v tyur’me’.
31. K. S. [I. V. Stalin], ‘Pis’mo s Kavkaza’, Diskussionnyi listok. Prilozhenie k Tsentral’nomu Organu ‘Sotsial-demokrat’, no. 2, 24 May/7 June 1910, pp. 26–7.
32. An [N. Zhordaniya], ‘Po povodu, Pis’ma s Kavkaza’, ibid., p. 28.
33. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 2, pp. 50–1.
34. The significance of this linguistic switch was first noted by A. Rieber, ‘Stalin, Man of the Borderlands’, p. 1676.
35. S. Vereshchak, ‘Stalin v tyur’me’.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. See M. Kun, Stalin: An Unknown Portrait, p. 98.
41. Ibid., pp. 115–17.
42. See the account of interviews conducted by L. Vasil’eva, Deti Kremlya, pp. 168–9 and 176.
8. At the Centre of the Party
1. See above, pp. 61 and 66.
2. N. Zhordaniya, Moya zhizn’, p. 53.
3. G. Uratadze, Vospominaniya gruzinskogo sotsial-demokrata, p. 234.
4. Vserossiiskaya Konferentsiya Ros. Sots.-Dem. Rab. Partii 1912 goda: see the introduction by R. C. Elwood, pp. xx–xxi.
5. See M. Kun, Stalin: An Unknown Portrait, p. 130.
6. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 48, p. 53.
7. Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, p. 197.
8. deda ena (ed. Y. Gogebashvili: 1912 edn). The poem in question was ‘Morning’.
9. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 2, p. 219.