7. See J. Baberowski, Der Feind ist überall, p. 564.
8. See J. Baberowski, Der Rote Terror, pp. 196–7.
9. Organisational report of the Central Committee: Pyatnadtsatyi s”ezd Veso-yuznoi Kommunisticheski Partii-(b), pp. 100–3. This number includes probationary members.
10. Pis’ma I. V. Stalina V. M. Molotovu, p. 35.
11. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 9, pp. 136–8. The significance of these early calls for faster industrialisation was established by R. Tucker, Stalin as Revolutionary, pp. 398–9.
12. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 11, pp. 1–9.
13. Pravda, 15 February 1928.
14. See E. H. Carr and R. W. Davies, Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926–1929, vol. 1, part 1, p. 55.
15. Sovetskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1928–1941, p. 73.
16. Andrei Sokolov, ‘Before Stalinism: The Defense Industry of Soviet Russia in the 1920s’, pp. 12–14.
17. Kamenev’s summary of his conversation with N. I. Bukharin and G. Sokolnikov in Razgovory s Bukharinym, p. 32.
18. See A. Nove, An Economic History of the USSR, p. 145.
19. R. W. Davies, The Socialist Offensive, pp. 41–51.
20. I am grateful to Mark Harrison for sharing with me his knowledge of the final crisis of the NEP.
21. Razgovory s Bukharinym, p. 30: Kamenev’s summary of conversation with G. Sokolnikov.
22. Ibid., p. 35: appendix to summary of conversation of L. B. Kamenev, N. I. Bukharin and G. Sokolnikov.
23. Ibid., pp. 32–3: Kamenev’s summary of conversation with G. Sokolnikov.
24. Ibid., pp. 30–1.
25. Pravda, 28 September 1928. See also S. F. Cohen, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution, pp. 295–6.
26. Razgovory s Bukharinym, p. 35: summary of conversation of L. B. Kamenev, N. I. Bukharin and G. Sokolnikov.
27. Ibid.
28. Razgovory s Bukharinym, p. 35: appendix of summary of conversation of L. B. Kamenev, N. I. Bukharin and G. Sokolnikov.
29. See above, p. 151.
24. Terror-Economics
1. See S. G. Wheatcroft and R. W. Davies, ‘Agriculture’, pp. 120–1.
2. See M. Lewin, Russian Peasants and Soviet Power, pp. 344–77.
3. Pravda, 7 November 1929.
4. See M. Lewin, Russian Peasants and Soviet Power, pp. 465–77.
5. Pravda, 29 November 1929.
6. See A. Luukkanen, The Religious Policy of the Stalinist State, p. 57.
7. Lubyanka. Stalin i VChK–GPU–OGPU–NKVD. Yanvar’ 1922–dekabr’ 1936, pp. 269–72.
8. See Lewin, Russian Peasants and Soviet Power, pp. 482–509.
9. See G. A. Krasil’nikov, ‘Rozhdenie Gulaga: diskussii v verkhnikh eshelonakh vlasti’, Istoricheskii arkhiv, no. 4 (1989), p. 143.
10. Akademicheskoe delo 1929–1931 gg., vol. 1, Delo po obvineniyu akademika S. F. Platonova, p. xlviii.
11. Pis’ma I. V. Stalina V. M. Molotovu, p. 224.
12. See I. Getzler, Nikolai Sukhanov, pp. 143–87.
13. B. Nahaylo and V. Swoboda, The Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities Problem in the USSR.
14. D. Pospielovsky, The Russian Orthodox Church under the Soviet Regime, vol. 1, p. 175. See also D. Peris, Storming the Heavens: the Soviet League of the Militant Atheists; A. Luukkanen, The Religious Policy of the Stalinist State.
15. K. Bailes, Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin: Origins of the Soviet Technical Intelligentsia, 1917–1941; N. Lampert, The Technical Intelligentsia and the Soviet State: A Study of Soviet Managers and Technicians, 1928–1935.
16. See T. H. Rigby, Communist Party Membership, p. 52.
17. See R. Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia, pp. 185–6.
18. Pravda, 5 February 1931.
19. Quoted from central party archives by N. N. Maslov, ‘Ob utverzhdenii ideologii stalinizma’, p. 60.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid., p. 61.
22. Ibid.
23. R. W. Davies, The Socialist Offensive, pp. 252–68.
24. Pravda, 2 March 1930.
25. See A. Nove, An Economic History of the USSR, p. 171.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid., p. 174.
28. Pis’ma I. V. Stalina V. M. Molotovu, p. 194: message, no earlier than 6 August 1930.
29. Ibid., p. 204.
30. Stalin i Kaganovich. Perepiska. 1931–1936 gg., p. 51.
31. Pravda, 5 February 1931.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Zastol’nye rechi Stalina. Dokumenty i materialy, p. 45.
35. Pravda, 5 February 1931
36. See J. Harris, The Great Urals, pp. 70–1.
37. See R. W. Davies, Crisis and Progress in the Soviet Economy, 1931–1933, pp. 302–16.
25. Ascent to Supremacy
1. About his real birthday see above, p. 14.
2. The exception in the Politburo was Bukharin.
3. See W. Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, p. 63.
4. Tak govoril Kaganovich, pp. 59–60.
5. Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, p. 262.
6. To chair the Politburo, the Orgburo or the Secretariat was not the same as to be its chairman; and when in 1928 the minutes recorded Kaganovich as Orgburo Chairman, there was a furious protest and Molotov had to agree to amend them: RGASPI, f. 81, op. 3, d. 255, p. 98. See below, p. 363 for the possibility that Stalin learned from the precedent of the Roman Emperor Augustus.
7. See E. A. Rees, ‘Stalin as Leader, 1924–1937: From Oligarch to Dictator’, p. 27. See also R. W. Davies, M. Ilic and O. Khlevnyuk, ‘The Politburo and Economic Decision-Making’, p. 110.
8. Pis’ma I. V. Stalina V. M. Molotovu, pp. 222–3.
9. Sovetskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1928–1941, pp. 144–5.
10. Lubyanka. Stalin i VChK–GPU–OGPU–NKVD, p. 191.
11. Ibid., p. 237.
12. See O. Khlevnyuk, Stalin i Ordzhonikidze, pp. 19–31.
13. Pis’ma I. V. Stalina V.M. Molotovu, p. 217.
14. Ibid., pp. 231–2.
15. Ibid., p. 232.
16. Ibid., pp. 231–2.
17. Quoted in B. S. Ilizarov, Tainaya zhizn’ Stalina, p. 93.
18. RGASPI, f. 78, op. 2, d. 38, p. 38.
19. Stalin i Kaganovich. Perepiska, p. 187.
20. Pis’ma I. V. Stalina V. M. Molotovu, p. 166.