17. See E. A. Rees, ‘Republican and Regional Leaders at the XVII Party Congress in 1934’, especially pp. 85–6.
18. See R. Conquest, The Great Terror. A Reassessment, pp. 31–46
19. Semnadtsatyi s”ezd Vsesoyuznoi Kommunisticheskoi Partii (b), p. 262.
20. F. Benvenuti, ‘Kirov nella Politica Sovietica’, pp. 283, 303–7 and 315–59.
21. Lubyanka. Stalin i VChK–GPU-nOGPU–NKVD, p. 569.
22. See R. Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment, pp. 39–52.
23. Lubyanka. Stalin i VChK–GPU–OGPU–NKVD, p. 650.
24. See R. W. Davies, Soviet History in the Yeltsin Era, p. 155.
25. Lubyanka. Stalin i VChK–GPU–OGPU–NKVD, p. 388.
26. See O. V. Khlevnyuk, 1937-i, p. 49.
27. See F. Benvenuti and S. Pons, Il sistema di potere dello Stalinismo, p. 105.
28. ITsKKPSS, no. 9 (1989), p. 39
29. Reabilitatsiya: politicheskie protsessy 30–50-kh godov, especially pp. 176–9.
30. See F. Benvenuti, Fuoco sui sabotatori! Stachanovismo e organizzazione industriale in Urss, 1934–1938, chaps. 3 ff.
31. Lubyanka. Stalin i VChK–GPU–OGPU–NKVD, p. 749: report by A. Vyshin-ski to Stalin and Molotov, 16 February 1936.
32. See A. Nove, An Economic History of the USSR, p. 226.
33. Ibid., p. 227.
34. See R. Moorsteen and R. P. Powell, The Soviet Capital Stock, 1928–1962.
35. See A. Ponsi, Partito unico e democrazia in URSS. La Costituzione del ’36, pp. 20 ff.
36. See the data cited on religious groups by A. Luukkanen, The Religious Policy of the Stalinist State, pp. 142–7.
37. See O. V. Khlevnyuk, 1937-i, p. 53.
38. See S. Fitzpatrick, Stalin’s Peasants, pp. 289–96.
39. Le repressioni degli anni trenta nell’Armata Rossa, p. 156.
40. Lubyanka. Stalin i VChK–GPU–OGPU–NKVD, p. 753.
41. See B. Starkov, Dela i lyudi stalinskogo vremeni, p. 39.
42. Lubyanka. Stalin i VChK–GPU–OGPU–NKVD, p. 767.
29. Ruling the Nations
1. This is calculated from the figures of the 1926 census in V. Kozlov, The Peoples of the Soviet Union, p. 69.
2. S. Allilueva, Dvadtsat’ pisem k drugu, p. 29.
3. Zastol’nye rechi Stalina. Dokumenty i materialy, p. 158.
4. See above, p. 302.
5. Tak govoril Kaganovich, p. 48.
6. Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (1938), p. 5.
7. K. Simonov, Glazami cheloveka moego pokoleniya, p. 37.
8. See S. Fitzpatrick, Stalin’s Peasants, pp. 289–96.
9. See F. Bettanin, La fabbrica del mito, p. 89.
10. G. Dimitrov, Diario. Gli anni di Mosca (1934–1945), p. 81.
11. See S. Crisp, ‘Soviet language Planning, 1917–1953’, pp. 27–9.
12. See S. Kuleshov and V. Strada, Il fascismo russo, pp. 229–38.
13. See T. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, pp. 206–7. See also H. Kuromiya, ‘The Donbass’, pp. 157–8.
14. See T. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, pp. 302–3.
15. See above, pp. 276–7.
16. Tak govoril Kaganovich, p. 48.
17. See above, pp. 204–5.
18. See G. Hewitt, ‘Language Planning in Georgia’, pp. 137–9.
19. See the files reproduced in Abkhaziya: dokumenty svidel’stvuyut. 1937–1953.
20. GDMS, Hall III holds a copy of Stalin’s suggestion for Nutsubidze’s anthology.
21. See above, pp. 96–101.
22. See R. Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia, pp. 206–7 and 318.
23. Ibid.
24. Zastol’nye rechi Stalina. Dokumenty i materialy, p. 151 (first variant of notes taken by R. P. Khmelnitski).
25. See D. Lieven, Nicholas II, p. 163.
26. ‘Dnevnik M. A. Svanidze’ in Iosif Stalin v ob”yatiyakh sem’i, pp. 174–5.
27. Zastol’nye rechi Stalina, p. 55.
28. Ibid., p. 123.
29. G. Dimitrov, Diario. Gli anni di Mosca (1934–1945), p. 81.
30. ‘Pravil’naya politika pravitel’stva reshaet uspekh armii. Kto dostoin byt’ marshalom?’, Istochnik, no. 3: record of Stalin’s speech.
31. ‘Dnevnik M. A. Svanidze’ in Iosif Stalin v ob”yatiyakh sem’i, pp. 176.
32. For a different interpretation see D. Brandenberger, Stalinist Mass Culture and the Formation of Modern Russian National Identity, 1931–1956.
33. Istochnik, no. 1 (2002), p. 105.
34. See the analysis of D. V. Kolesov, I. V. Stalin: Pravo na zhizn’, pp. 37–8. I am grateful to Ronald Hingley for our discussions of Stalin’s oratorical idiosyncrasies.
30. Mind of Terror
1. Stalin i Kaganovich. Perepiska, p. 425; see also Lubyanka. Stalin i VChK– GPU–OGPU–NKVD, p. 565.
2. See Stalin i Kaganovich; Pis’ma I. V. Stalina V. M. Molotovu.
3. This was also Molotov’s attitude, at least by the time of the Second World War: see V. Berezhkov, Kak ya stal perevodchikom Stalina, p. 226. I eschew further use of this source in following chapters and am grateful to Hugh Lunghi, one of Churchill’s interpreters, for pointing out the many unreliable aspects of Berezhkov’s memoirs, including its title.
4. L. Trotsky, Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence.
5. See for example S. Alliluev, Proidënnyi put’ ; A. S. Allilueva, Vospominaniya; S. Allilueva, Dvadtsat’ pisem k drugu and Tol’ko odin god.
6. Above all, see the speech he gave at a reception for G. Dimitrov in on 8 November 1937: below, p. 333.
7. N. K. Baibakov, 0t Stalina go Yel’tsina, p. 48.
8. Of course the idea that Stalin really was so undemonstrative in the 1920s is implausible.
9. See above, pp. 4–8.
10. R. Medvedev, Let History Judge, p. 15.
11. Ibid., p. 13.
12. ITsKKPSS, no. 11 (1989), p. 169.
13. Zastol’nye rechi Stalina, p. 157: this comment was an interjection in another interjection, by Voroshilov, in a speech at the twentieth-anniversary dinner in honour of the October Revolution.
14. Sovetskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1928–1941, p. 334.
15. L. Trotskii, Terrorizm i kommunizm.
16. M. Jansen, A Show Trial Under Lenin.
17. In Russian the words were: Molodets, kak on zdorovo eto sdelal! The witness was Anastas Mikoyan: see his Tak bylo, p. 534. V. Berezhkov, one of Stalin’s interpreters, recalled Mikoyan’s words only slightly differently: Kak ya stal perevodchikom Stalina, p. 14.