14. R. Taylor Film Propaganda in Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany (London, 1998), p. 63.
15. Meissner, Communist Party, p. 40; Gill, Rules of the Communist Party, pp. 163–4.
16. C.-W. Reibel Das Fundament der Diktatur: Die NSDAP-Ortsgruppen 1932–1945 (Paderborn, 2002), pp. 232–3.
17. Details on membership from Rigby, Communist Party Membership, pp. 190–91, 197–200, 256–63; see too Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled, pp. 248–70.
18. Rigby, Communist Party Membership, pp. 275–80.
19. D. Orlow The History of the Nazi Party: Volume II 1933–1945 (Newton Abbot, 1973), pp. 55–6, 202.
20. Kater, The Nazi Party, p. 263; Orlow, Nazi Party: II, pp. 203–5, 253, 323.
21. Rigby, Communist Party Membership, p. 73; D. Schmiechen-Ackermann ‘Der “Blockwart”’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte,
48 (2000), pp. 584–5.
22. Rigby, Communist Party Membership, pp. 204–13; Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled, 260–61, 262; see too J. A. Getty The Origin of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered 1933–1938 (Cambridge, 1985).
23. Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled, pp. 177, 196.
24. Rigby, Communist Party Membership, pp. 263–75.
25. Schmiechen-Ackermann, ‘Der “Blockwart”’, pp. 596–7.
26. Calculated from Kater, Nazi Party, p. 263.
27. Orlow, Nazi Party: II, pp. 124–5.
28. Schmiechen-Ackermann, ‘Der “Blockwart’”, p. 587.
29. D. Mühlberger The Pattern of the SA’s Social Appeal’, in C. Fisher (ed.) The Rise of National Socialism and the Working Classes in Weimar Germany (Oxford, 1996), pp. 99–116.
30. A. Graziosi A New, Peculiar State: Explorations in Soviet History 1917–1937 (Westport, Conn., 2000), pp. 196–7.
31. Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled, p. 251; R. Hill and P. Frank The Soviet Communist Party (London, 1983), pp. 33–6.
32. K. Boterbloem Life and Death under Stalin: Kalinin Province, 1945–1953 (Montreal, 1999), p. 102; Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled, p. 264.
33. C.-C. Szejnmann Vom Traum zum Alptraum: Sachsen in der Weimarer Republik (Dresden, 2000), pp. 114–16.
34. Kater, The Nazi Party, pp. 264–7; D. Miihlberger (ed.) The Social Basis of European Fascist Movements (London, 1987), pp.
76–94: C. Roth Parteikreis und Kreisleiter der NSDAP unter besonderer Berücksichtigung Bayerns (Munich, 1997), p. 182;
H.-U. Thamer Verführung und Gewalt: Deutschland 1933–1945 (Berlin, 1986), p. 175.
35. J. Falter and M. H. Kater ‘Wähler und Mitglieder der NSDAP’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 19 (1993), p. 165.
36. Roth, Parteikreis und Kreisleiter, p. 183; Meissner, Communist Party, p. 10.
37. Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled, pp. 254, 271; Rigby, Communist Party Membership, p. 361.
38. Rigby, Communist Party Membership, p. 354; Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled, pp. 257, 274.
39. Roth, Parteikreis und Kreisleiter, p. 180; Thamer, Verführung und Gewalt, p. 178; Kater, The Nazi Party, p. 257.
40. Gill, Rules of the Communist Party, pp. 162–3, Rules of the All-Union Communist Party, 1934.
41. Avtorkhanov, Communist Party Apparatus, pp. 119, 122; Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled, pp. 229–30.
42. Avtorkhanov, Communist Party Apparatus, pp. 153–4; Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled, p. 196; M. Fainsod Smolensk under Soviet Rule (Boston, Mass., 1989), pp. 63, 113; L. Schapiro The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (London, 1960), pp. 444–5.
43. Reibel, Fundament der Diktatur, pp. 32–5.
44. Reibel, Fundament der Diktatur, pp. 121, 123; Schmiechen-Ackermann, ‘Der “Blockwart’”, p. 586.
45. Münz, Führer durch die Behörden und Organisationen, pp. 6–8.
46. Reibel, Fundament der Diktatur, pp. 50–51, 56–63.
47. Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled, pp. 284–91; Avtorkhanov, Communist Party Apparatus, pp. 256–7; see too I. Tirado, ‘The Komsomol and the Bright Socialist Future’, in C. Kuhr-Korolev, S. Plaggenborg and M. Wellmann (eds) Sowjetjugend 1917–
1941; Generation zwischen Revolution und Resignation (Essen, 2001), pp. 217–32.
48. G. Kinz Der Bund Deutscher Mädeclass="underline" Ein Beitrag zur ausserschulisch en Mädchenerziehung im Nationalsozialismus (Frankfurt am Main, 1990), pp. 3–12, 25; C. Schubert-Weller Hitler-Jugend: Vom ‘Jungsturm Adolf Hitler’ zur Staatsjugend des Dritten Reiches (Weinheim, 1993), pp. 13–15, 33–4.
49. H. Vorländer Die NSV: Darstellung und Dokumentation einer nationalisozialistischen Organisation (Boppard am Rhein, 1988), pp. 1–14, 96; J. Stcphcnson The Nazi Organisation of Women (London, 1981), pp. 50–55, 140.
50. Avtorkhanov, Communist Party Apparatus, p. 13.
51. E. van Ree ‘Stalin’s Organic Theory of the Party’, Russian Review, 52 (1993), p. 54.
52. S. Allan Comrades and Citizens: Soviet People (London, 1938), pp. 88–9, 94–5.
53. Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled, pp. 260–61; Fainsod, Smolensk under Soviet Rule, pp. 220–22.
54. Allan, Comrades and Citizens, pp. 257–9.
55. Fainsod, Smolensk under Soviet Rule, p. 230; S. Pons ‘Stalinism and Party Organisation (1933–1948)’, inj. Channon (ed.) Politics, Society and Stalinism in the USSR (London, 1998), pp. 96–7.
56. D. M. McKale The Nazi Party Courts: Hitler’s management of confl ict in his Movement 1921–1945 (Lawrence, Kans., 1974), pp. 77–8, 123.
57. McKale, Nazi Party Courts, p. 55.
58. McKale, Nazi Party Courts, p. 22–3.
59. McKale, Nazi Party Courts, pp. 144–5, 164, 178–80; M. Moll, ‘Steuerungsinstrument im “Ämterchaos”? Die Tagungen der Reichs-und Gauleiter der NSDAP’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 49 (2001), pp. 236–8.
60. Allan, Comrades and Citizens, p. 88.
61. E. P. Mickiewicz, Soviet Political Schools: the Communist Party Adult Instruction System (New Haven, Conn., 1967), pp. 3–9,
89–101; M. David-Fox Revolution of the Mind: Higher Learning among the Bolsheviks, 1918–1929 (Ithaca, NY, 1997), pp. 84–7; T. Kirstein, ‘Das sowjetische Parteischulsystem’, in B. Meissner, G. Brunner and R. Löwenthal (eds) Einparteisystem und bürokratische Herrschaft in der Sowjetunion (Cologne, 1978), pp. 204–16.
62. Orlow, Nazi Party: II, pp. 188–92; Schmiechen-Ackermann, ‘Der “Blockwart”’, p. 589.
63. Schubert-Weller, Hitler-Jugend, pp. 182–3; on selection and admission see the testimony of P. Peterson in J. Steinhoff, P. Pechel and D. Showalter (eds) Voices of the Third Reich: an Oral History (Washington, DC, 1989), pp. 8–9.
64. Avtorkhanov, Communist Party Apparatus, pp. 79–80; Schmiechen-Ackermann, ‘Der “Blockwart”’, p. 586; M. Voslensky Nomenklatura: Anatomy of the Soviet Ruling Class (London, 1984), pp. 48–9.
65. Allan, Comrades and Citizens, p. 242.
66. Schmiechen-Ackermann, ‘Der “Blockwart”’, p. 589.
67. Gill, Rules of the Communist Party, pp. 165–6.
68. Schmiechen-Ackermann, ‘Der “Blockwart”’, pp. 581–3; Reibel, Fundament der Diktatur, pp. 104–5; Stephenson, Nazi Organisation of Women, p. 155; L. Pine ‘Creating Conformity: the Training of Girls in the Bund Deutscher Mädel’, European History Quarterly, 33 (2003), pp. 367–85.
69. Schmiechen-Ackermann, ‘Der “Blockwart”’, pp. 590–95; J. Noakes (ed.) Nazism 1919–1945: a Documentary Reader: Volume 4 (Exeter, 1998), pp. 96–100, ‘Service Instructions for Block Leaders. 1 June 1944’.
70. Reibel, Fundament der Diktatur, pp. 104–5, 191.
71. D. Rebentisch ‘Die “politische Beurteilung” als Herrschaftsinstrument der NSDAP’, in D. Peukert and J. Reulecke (eds) Die Reihen fast geschlossen: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Alltags unterm Nationalsozialismus (Wuppertal, 1981), pp. 107–28; Roth, Parteikreis und Kreisleiter, pp. 269–70.