9. This and subsequent information about Stalin’s dacha comes from 1953 god. Mezhdu proshlym i budushchim (exhibition catalogue) (Moscow, 2003), and S. V. Deviatov, A. Shefov, and Iu. Iur’ev, Blizhniaia dacha Stalina. Opyt istoricheskogo putevoditelia (Moscow, 2011).
10. Svetlana Alliluyeva, Twenty Letters to a Friend, trans. Priscilla Johnson McMillian (New York, 1967), p. 21.
11. Deviatov, Shefov, and Iur’ev, Blizhniaia dacha Stalina, p. 287. Lozgachev has provided information relating to the postwar years, but there is evidence suggesting that Stalin took an active interest in the productivity of the dacha lands in earlier years as well.
12. Lazar Kaganovich mentions the existence of such a notebook in F. I. Chuev, Kaganovich. Shepilov (Moscow, 2001), p. 137.
13. Letter to Lazar Kaganovich, 24 September 1931. Cited in R. W. Davies, et al., eds., The Stalin-Kaganovich Correspondence, 1931–36 (New Haven and London, 2003), p. 98.
14. In Sergei Khrushchev, ed., Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, vol. 2: Reformer (University Park, PA, 2006), p. 117.
15. In Sergei Khrushchev, ed., Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, vol. 1: Commissar (University Park, PA, 2004), p. 290.
16. M. Dzhilas [Milovan Djilas], Litso totalitarizma (Moscow, 1992), p. 108.
17. From an account by Hungarian leader Mátyás Rákosi (Istoricheskii arkhiv, no. 3 [1997]: 117).
18. 1953 god. Mezhdu proshlym i budushchim, p. 75.
19. Andrei Aleksandrovich Zhdanov (1896–1948) joined the Bolshevik party before the revolution and afterward held various provincial party posts. In 1934 Stalin brought him to Moscow and made him a Central Committee secretary. After Kirov’s murder, Zhdanov replaced him as Leningrad party boss. Until his death he remained one of Stalin’s closest comrades-in-arms and enjoyed good relations with the leader. Zhdanov’s son was briefly married to Stalin’s daughter.
20. In Khrushchev, Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, vol. 1, pp. 102–103.
21. In Khrushchev, Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, vol. 2, p. 68.
22. Ibid., p. 117.
23. Ibid., pp. 146–147.
24. Dmitri Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy (New York, 1991), p. 571.
25. This idea is developed in Erik van Ree, The Political Thought of Joseph Stalin: A Study in Twentieth-Century Revolutionary Patriotism (London and New York, 2002).
26. Cited in G. Dmitrov, Dnevnik (Sophia, 1997), p. 128.
27. Cited in V. M. Berezhkov, Riadom so Stalinym (Moscow, 1999), p. 371. Berezhkov was Stalin’s interpreter.
Chapter 1. Before the Revolution
1. L. M. Spirin, “Kogda rodilsia Stalin: Popravki k ofitsial’noi biografii,” Izvestiia, 25 June 1990; Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 11 (1990): 132–134.
2. A. Ostrovskii, Kto stoial za spinoi Stalina? (Moscow, 2002), pp. 88–89. Ostrovskii’s book was the first biography to focus on Stalin’s youth and was based on newly discovered documents from Moscow and Georgian archives. Other works appeared later: Miklos Kun, Stalin: An Unknown Portrait (Budapest and New York, 2003); Simon Sebag Montefiore, Young Stalin (London, 2007); Ronald Grigor Suny, Stalin and the Russian Revolutionary Movement: From Koba to Commissar (forthcoming from Oxford University Press). My account of Stalin’s early life draws on these books to varying degrees.
3. Ostrovskii, Kto stoial za spinoi Stalina?, pp. 86–88, 93, 99.
4. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 878, l. 73. Unless otherwise noted, translations are by Nora Favorov.
5. R. G. Suny, “Beyond Psychohistory: The Young Stalin in Georgia,” Slavic Review 46, no. 1 (1991): 52.
6. Stalin, Works, vol. 13, p. 115. Interview with the German author Emil Ludwig, 13 December 1931.
7. Cited in Iu. G. Murin, comp., Iosif Stalin v ob"iatiiakh sem’i. Iz lichnogo arkhiva (Moscow, 1993), pp. 6–19.
8. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 1549, l. 83.
9. Ostrovskii, Kto stoial za spinoi Stalina?, pp. 96–97, 102–104.
10. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 876, l. 12.
11. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 4, l. 1; d. 5, l. 1.
12. Cited in Dmitri Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy (New York, 1991), pp. 7–8.
13. L. D. Trotsky, Stalin, (Benson, VT, 1985), vol. 1, pp. 32–33.
Lev Davidovich Trotsky (1879–1940) was, for a while, perceived both within the fledgling Soviet state and internationally as second only to Lenin in leading the Bolshevik revolution. The peak of his glory came during the Civil War, in which he led the Red Army to victory. After the war, Trotsky took an active part in the struggle for power and influence that erupted among the Soviet leaders. In 1928, after losing this struggle, Trotsky was sent into exile. He remained politically active in emigration and worked to expose his political nemesis, Stalin, on whose orders he was killed in 1940 in Mexico by a Soviet agent.
14. Ostrovskii, Kto stoial za spinoi Stalina?, pp. 108–111.
15. Ibid., pp. 124–125.
16. Stalin, Works, vol. 13, pp. 115–116. Interview with the German author Emil Ludwig, 13 December 1931.
17. Cited in V. Kaminskii and I. Vereshchagin, “Detstvo i iunost’ vozhdia: Dokumenty, zapiski, rasskazy,” Molodaia gvardiia, no. 12 (1939): 65.
18. Robert C. Tucker, Stalin as Revolutionary, 1879–1929: A Study in History and Personality (New York, 1973), pp. 80–82.
19. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 600, ll. 1–7; f. 71; op. 10, d. 266, ll. 7–11.
20. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 32, ll. 1–2.
21. Suny, Stalin and the Russian Revolutionary Movement, ch. 3.
22. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 53, ll. 1–15; Ostrovskii, Kto stoial za spinoi Stalina?, p. 148.
23. Ostrovskii, Kto stoial za spinoi Stalina?, p. 149.
24. Kaminskii and Vereshchagin, “Detstvo i iunost’ vozhdia,” pp. 84–85.
25. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 53, l. 13.
26. Ibid., op. 4, d. 60, ll. 1–3.
27. Ibid., op. 11, d. 879, l. 45.
28. Ibid., op. 4, d. 65, ll. 1–4.
29. Trotsky, Stalin, vol. 1, p. 44.
30. Ostrovskii, Kto stoial za spinoi Stalina?, pp. 154–155.
31. A. J. Rieber, “Stalin, Man of the Borderlands,” American Historical Review 106, no. 5 (2001): 1651–1691; Alfred J. Rieber, “Stalin as Georgian: The Formative Years,” in Stalin: A New History, ed. Sarah Davies and James Harris (Cambridge, 2005), pp. 18–44.
32. I. Baberovski [J. Baberowski], Vrag est’ vezde. Stalinizm na Kavkaze (Moscow, 2010), p. 15.
33. Documents from Boris Nicolaevsky’s archive published by Iu. G. Fel’shtinskii and G. I. Cherniavskii in Voprosy istorii, no. 14 (2012): 16.
34. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 72, l. 9.
35. Ostrovskii, Kto stoial za spinoi Stalina?, pp. 188–189.
36. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 619, ll. 175–177.
37. Ostrovskii, Kto stoial za spinoi Stalina?, pp. 212–218.
38. Erik van Ree, “The Stalinist Self: The Case of Ioseb Jughashvili (1898–1907),” Kritika 11, no. 2 (2010): 265–266; Suny, Stalin and the Russian Revolutionary Movement, ch. 4.