20. “Letter of an Old Bolshevik,” in Boris I. Nicolaevsky, Power and the Soviet Elite (New York, 1965), p. 40.
21. Pravda, 21 December 1934.
22. Zinoviev Trial, p. 136.
23. Pravda, 6 December 1934.
24. Pravda, 18 December 1934.
25. Hrihory Kostiuk, Stalinist Rule in the Ukraine (Munich, 1960), pp. 98–100. See also Ukrains’ka Radians’kii Entsiklopedichnii Slovnik (Kiev, 1966), vol. 1, s.v. “Vlyzko.”
26. Pravda, 10 June 1935.
27. Merle Fainsod, How Russia Is Ruled, 2nd ed. (London, 1963), pp. 56–57.
28. Anton Ciliga, The Russian Enigma (London, 1940), p. 71.
29. Vechernyy Leningrad, 30 December 1964.
30. VII s”ezd vsesoyuzogo Leninskogo kommunisticheskogo soyuza molodezhi (Moscow and Leningrad, 1926), p. 108.
31. Pravda, 27 December 1934.
32. Ibid.
33. “Letter of an Old Bolshevik,” p. 51.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid., pp. 51–52.
36. Zinoviev Trial, p. 74.
37. Bukharin Trial, pp. 556–57.
38. Ibid., p. 557.
39. Pravda, 17 December 1934.
40. Pravda, 22 December 1934.
41. Pravda, 23 December 1934.
42. Lermolo, Face of a Victim, p. 245.
43. Pravda, 27 December 1934.
44. “The Crime of the Zinoviev Trial Opposition,” p. 19, quoted in Pierre Broue, Le Parti bolchevique (Paris, 1963), p. 351.
45. Pravda, 27 December 1934.
46. Lermolo, Face of a Victim, pp. 46–48.
47. Ibid., pp. 45–46.
48. Pravda, 30 December 1934.
49. Pravda, 17 January 1935.
50. Isaac Deutscher, Stalin (London, 1949), p. 357.
51. Zinoviev Trial, p. 142.
52. Ibid., pp. 147–48.
53. Ibid., p. 143.
54. Ibid., p. 145.
55. Pravda, 29 March 1937.
56. Bukharin Trial, p. 480.
57. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, pp. 23–24.
58. Ibid., p. 22.
59. Victor Kravchenko, I Chose Justice (London, 1951), p. 260.
60. Vladimir Petrov, Soviet Gold (New York, 1949), p. 185.
61. Khrushchev, Secret Speech.
62. Oktyabr’, no. 12 (1988).
63. Moscow News, no. 48 (1988).
64. Leningradskaya pravda, 1 December 1988.
65. Fainsod, How Russia Is Ruled, p. 422.
Chapter 3: Architect of Terror
1. Alexander Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence (London, 1952), p. 507.
2. Arthur Koestler, Darkness at Noon (London, 1940), pp. 23–24.
3. Milovan Djilas, Conversations with Stalin (London, 1962), pp. 57–58.
4. Bukharin, conversation with Theodore Dan and Lydia Dan, 1935 (Raphael R. Abramovitch, The Soviet Revolution [London, 1962], p. 416).
5. F. Beck and W. Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession (London, 1951), p. 227.
6. Bernhard Roeder, Katorga: An Aspect of Modern Slavery (London, 1958), p. 196.
7. The problem is clearly and wittily unravelled in Bertram D. Wolfe, Three Who Made a Revolution (London, 1966).
8. Boris Souvarine, Stalin (London, 1949), p. 287.
9. Ibid., p. 485.
10. Nikita Khrushchev, Secret Speech.
11. G. A. Tokaev, Stalin Means War (London, 1951), p. 115.
12. Ilya Ehrenburg, in Novyy mir, no. 4 (1964).
13. Djilas, Conversations with Stalin, p. 172.
14. Iremashvili, Memoirs, quoted in Wolfe, Three Who Made a Revolution, p. 508.
15. Svetlana Alliluyeva, Twenty Letters to a Friend (London, 1967), p. 117; Alexander Barmine, One Who Survived (New York, 1945), pp. 263–64; Alexander Orlov, The Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes (New York, 1953), pp. 316–18.
16. Alliluyeva, Twenty Letters to a Friend, p. 122.
17. Ibid., p. 116.
18. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, 314–25.
19. Alliluyeva, Twenty Letters to a Friend, p. 62.
20. Tokaev, Stalin Means War, p. 128.
21. Ibid., p. 120; and see Alliluyeva, Twenty Letters to a Friend, chap. 19.
22. H. G. Wells, The Outline of History (New York, 1971).
23. Barmine, One Who Survived, p. 267; and see Alliluyeva, Twenty Letters to a Friend, pp. 54–55.
24. Souvarine, Stalin, p. 244.
25. Khrushchev, Secret Speech.
26. Barmine, One Who Survived, p. 305.
27. Leon Trotsky, My Life (London, 1930), vol. 2, p. 255.
28. Isaac Deutscher, Stalin (London, 1949), p. 291.
29. Nuovi Argomenti [Special issue on the XXIInd Party Congress], October 1961.
30. Milovan Djilas, The New Class (London, 1957), p. 128.
31. Deutscher, Stalin, chap. 1.
32. Djilas, New Class, p. 128.
33. Barmine, One Who Survived, p. 161.
34. Djilas, Conversations with Stalin, p. 60.
35. Robert V. Daniels, The Conscience of the Revolution (Oxford, 1960), p. 182.
36. Professor Tibor Szamuely.
37. Novyy mir, no. 5 (1962).
38. Izvestiya, 6 February 1963.
39. Mikhail Koltsov kakim on byl (Moscow, 1965), p. 71.
40. B. Bazhanov, Stalin der Rote Diktator (Berlin, 1931), p. 21.
41. Barmine, One Who Survived, p. 257.
42. Konstantin Simonov, in Znamya, May 1964.
43. Trotsky, My Life, vol. 2, p. 184.
44. Stalin, Speech at the First Anniversary of Lenin’s Death, 1925.
45. Djilas, Conversations with Stalin, p. 63.
46. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, trans. James Murphy (London, 1939), p. 110.
47. Joseph Stalin, Notes of a Delegate (London, 1941), p. 13.
48. Novyy mir, no. 4 (1964).
49. Stalin, official criticism of Academician Orbeli at a joint session of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medical Sciences (Pravda, 1 July 1950).
50. Souvarine, Stalin, p. 267.
51. Khrushchev, Secret Speech.
52. George Kennan, Introduction to Boris I. Nicolaevsky, Power and the Soviet Elite (New York, 1965), p. xvii.
53. Alliluyeva, Twenty Letters to a Friend, p. 65.
54. Novyy mir, no. 4 (1962).
55. Humphrey Slater, The Heretics (New York, 1947).
56. Znamya, May 1964.
57. Khrushchev, speech to the XXIInd Party Congress (Pravda, 29 October 1961).
58. Vladimir Petrov, Soviet Gold (New York, 1949), pp. 122ff.
59. For example, Bol shaya sovetskaya entsyklopediya, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 1949–58), s.v. “Kavtaradze.”