60. See Lavrentiy Beria, Questions of the History of the Bolshevik Organizations in Transcaucasia (Moscow, 1935); Be shaya sovetskaya entsyklopediya, vol. 26.
61. Barmine, One Who Survived, p. 257.
62. Bukharin, conversation with Kamenev, July 1928.
Chapter 4: Old Bolsheviks Confess
1. See, for example, Boris I. Nicolaevsky, Power and the Soviet Elite (New York, 1965), p. 66; Leonard Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (London, 1960), p. 402; G. A. Tokaev, Betrayal of an Ideal (London, 1954), p. 248.
2. Pravda, 16 January 1935.
3. Pravda, 23 January 1935.
4. Bukharin Trial, pp. 536–37.
5. Ibid., p. 537.
6. Ibid., p. 536.
7. “Letter of an Old Bolshevik,” in Nicolaevsky, Power and the Soviet Elite, p. 46.
8. Alexander Orlov, The Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes (New York, 1953), p. 216.
9. Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers (New York, 1970), p. 46.
10. Pravda, 1 March 1935.
11. Pravda, 9 March 1935.
12. Merle Fainsod, How Russia Is Ruled, 2nd ed. (London, 1963), p. 58.
13. Sovetskaya molodezh, 15 October 1988.
14. Sotsialisticheskaya industriya, 2 November 1988; Moscow News, no. 50 (1987).
15. Znamya, no. 12 (1988).
16. Fainsod, How Russia Is Ruled, p. 374.
17. Ibid., p. 223.
18. Ibid., pp. 223ff.
19. Ibid., pp. 56–57.
20. A. A. Piontkovskiy and V. D. Menshagin, Kurs sovetskogo ugolovnogo prava (Moscow, 1955).
21. Izvestiya, 8 April 1935.
22. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 53.
23. For example, Nicolaevsky, Power and the Soviet Elite, p. 224; Elizabeth Lermolo, Face of a Victim (New York, 1955), pp. 206–7; George Saunders, ed., Samizdat: Voices of the Soviet Opposition (New York, 1974).
24. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 7 (1989).
25. Politicheskoe obrazovanie, no. 15 (1988); Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 7 (1989).
26. Bukharin Trial, p. 419.
27. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, 5th ed., vol. 53 (Moscow, 1965); Eesti Noukogude Entsüklopeedia.
28. Bukharin Trial, p. 396.
29. “Letter of an Old Bolshevik,” p. 56.
30. Pravda, 26 May 1935.
31. Pravda, 19 May 1962.
32. Znamya, June 1964.
33. Pravda, 8 June 1935.
34. Pravda, 16 June 1935, 19 June 1935.
35. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, pp. 310–11.
36. Nicolaevsky, Power and the Soviet Elite, p. 224.
37. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 312.
38. Pravda, 28 June 1935.
39. Zinoviev Trial, p: 174.
40. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 7 (1989).
41. Pravda, 8 February 1935.
42. Nicolaevsky, Power and the Soviet Elite, p. 22.
43. Ibid., pp. 14–16.
44. SSSR: Vnutrenie protivorechiya, no. 22 (1988).
45. “Letter of an Old Bolshevik,” p. 62.
46. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 73.
47. Ibid., p. 89.
48. Zinoviev Trial, p. 24.
49. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 73; and see Neva, no. 6 (1988), p. 19.
50. See Soviet Affairs, no. 1 (1956) (St. Anthony’s Papers), p. 13.
51. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 123.
52. Ibid., pp. 338–51.
53. Andrei Vyshinskiy, Sudostroiter stvo v SSSR, 3rd ed. (Moscow, 1936), p. 24.
54. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 8 (1989).
55. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, pp. 82–84.
56. Ibid., p. 73.
57. Ibid., p. 119.
58. Zinoviev Trial, p. 97; Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 8 (1989).
59. “Ivan Ivanov,” in Sotsialisticheskiy vestnik, March 1951.
60. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 8 (1989).
61. Pyatakov Trial, p. 40.
62. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, pp. 110–11.
63. See Robert V. Daniels, The Conscience of the Revolution (Oxford, 1960), p. 170.
64. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 109.
65. Zinoviev Trial, p. 158; Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 9 (1989).
66. Raphael R. Abramovitch, The Soviet Revolution (London, 1962), p. 414.
67. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 8 (1989); Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, pp. 82–84.
68. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 8 (1989).
69. Zinoviev Trial, pp. 13, 31.
70. Ibid., p. 33.
71. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 86.
72. Ibid., p. 130.
73. “Ivan Ivanov,” in Sotsialisticheskiy vestnik.
74. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, pp. 129–30.
75. Ibid., pp. 124ff.
76. “Letter of an Old Bolshevik,” p. 62.
77. Bukharin Trial, p. 510.
78. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 131.
79. Nikita Khrushchev, Secret Speech.
80. Walter G. Krivitsky, In Stalin’s Secret Service (London, 1939), p. 204.
81. SSSR: Vnutrenie protivorechiya, no. 22 (1988).
82. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes; Krivitsky, In Stalin’s Secret Service.
83. Zinoviev Trial, p. 159.
84. SSSR: Vnutrenie protivorechiya, no. 22 (1988).
85. Pravda, 24 March 1937; Fainsod, How Russia Is Ruled, pp. 56–57.
86. Fainsod, How Russia Is Ruled, p. 234.
87. Nedelya, no. 41 (1988).
88. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 117.
89. Nedelya, no. 41 (1988).
90. “Ivan Ivanov,” in Sotsialisticheskiy vestnik.
91. Ibid.; Saunders, Samizat, pp. 170ff.; Hrihory Kostiuk, Okayanni Roki (Toronto, 1978), p. 156; Nicolaevsky Archive, serial 1701, Hoover Institution Archives; Nedelya, no. 41 (1988).
92. Bukharin Trial, p. 556.
93. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 8 (1989); G. A. Tokaev, Comrade X (London, 1956), pp. 56–57.
94. Krivitsky, In Stalin’s Secret Service, pp. 207–8, 230; Alexander Barmine, One Who Survived (New York, 1945), pp. 294–95; Politicheskoe obrazovanie, no. 15 (1988).
95. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 149.
96. “Letter of an Old Bolshevik,” p. 63.
97. Ibid.
98. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 162.