99. Ibid., chap. 13.
100. N. Ulyanovskaya and M. Ulyanovskaya, Istoriia odnoy sem’ i (New York, 1982), p. 136.
101. Ibid., pp. 167–68.
102. Roy Medvedev, Nikolai Bukharin (New York, 1980), p. 151.
103. Ibid., p. 150.
104. Ibid.
105. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 174; and see V. Petrov and E. Petrov, Empire of Fear (London, 1956), p. 45.
106. Khrushchev, Secret Speech.
107. Shelepin, speech to the XXInd Party Congress.
108. Pravda, 3 April 1964.
109. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, pp. 168–69.
110. Zinoviev Trial, p. 16.
111. Ibid., p. 37.
112. Ibid., p. 34.
113. Ibid., p. 39.
114. Victor Serge, From Lenin to Stalin (London, 1937), p. 82.
115. Zinoviev Trial, p. 151.
116. Ibid., p. 51.
117. Ibid., p. 61.
118. Ibid.
119. Ibid., p. 145.
120. Ibid., pp. 63–64.
121. Ibid., p. 66.
122. Ibid., p. 54.
123. Ibid., p. 68.
124. Ibid., p. 70.
125. Ibid., p. 81.
126. Ibid., p. 72.
127. Ibid., pp. 77–78.
128. Ibid., pp. 84–85.
129. Ibid., p. 81.
130. Ibid., p. 154.
131. Ibid., p. 153.
132. Rundschau, September 1936, p. 1630.
133. Isaac Don Levine, The Mind of an Assassin (New York, 1959), p. 26.
134. Pravda, 21 August 1936.
135. Socialdemocraten, 1 September 1936.
136. Dewey Commission, Not Guilty (New York, 1937), p. 85.
137. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, pp. 70–71.
138. See especially Pierre Broué Manuscripts, Hoover Institution Archives.
139. Zinoviev Trial, p. 103.
140. Ibid.
141. Ibid., p. 105.
142. Ibid., p. 147.
143. Ibid., p. 116.
144. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 5 (1989).
145. Zinoviev Trial, p. 119.
146. Ibid., p. 120.
147. Ibid., p. 128.
148. Ibid., pp. 152–53.
149. Ibid., p. 163.
150. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 174.
151. Zinoviev Trial, p. 166.
152. Ibid.
153. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, pp. 175–76.
154. Zinoviev Trial, p. 171.
155. Ibid.
156. Serge, From Lenin to Stalin, pp. 146–47; Nina Murray, I Spied for Stalin (New York, 1951); and see Neva, no. 6 (1988).
157. Serge, From Lenin to Stalin, p. 145; Emmanuel d’Astier de la Vigerie, Staline (Paris 1936), quoted in Sotsialisticheskaya industriya, 11 January 1989.
158. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, pp. 104, 116.
159. Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge (New York, 1971), p. 273.
160. Leningradskaya pravda, 13 November 1988.
161. Peter Yakir, “Letter to the Editor of Kommunist,” 2 March 1969, translated in Survey, nos. 70–71(1969).
162. Nedelya, no. 25 (1988); Sotsialisticheskaya industriya, 11 January 1989.
163. Kostiuk, Okayanni Roki, pp. 150, 156; A. Ryabov, Tridsat’ pyatyi i drugye gody (Moscow, 1989), pp. 246–47; Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 8 (1989); “Rodsvenniki G. E. Zinovieva postradalshie ot repressiy” (samizdat manuscript).
164. Kostiuk, Okayanni Roki, p. 154.
165. Margarete [Buber] Neumann, Under Two Dictators (London, 1949), pp. 151ff.
166. “Letter of an Old Bolshevik,” p. 63.
167. Zinoviev Trial, p. 19.
168. Ibid., p. 20.
169. Ibid., p. 31.
170. Ibid., p. 33.
171. Ibid., p. 59.
172. Ibid., p. 67.
173. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 179.
174. Joseph Berger, Shipwreck of a Generation (London, 1971), pp. 96–97.
175. Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Outcast (London, 1963), pp. 416–18.
176. D. J. Dallin and B. I. Nicolaevsky, Forced Labour in the Soviet Union (London, 1948), p. 39.
177. Roy Medvedev, On Stalin and Stalinism (Oxford, 1979), p. 117.
Chapter 5: The Problem of Confession
1. F. Beck and W. Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession (London, 1951), p. 38.
2. Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov, Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party (London, 1959), p. 138.
3. Raphael R. Abramovitch, The Soviet Revolution (London, 1962), p. 416.
4. Boris I. Nicolaevsky, Power and the Soviet Elite (New York, 1965), p. 25.
5. Boris Souvarine, Stalin (London, 1949), pp. 362–63.
6. Pravda, 29 February 1928.
7. N. Valentinov [N. V. Volsky], quoted in Leonard Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (London, 1960), p. 381.
8. Valentinov, unpublished manuscript, quoted in Abramovitch, Soviet Revolution, p. 415.
9. Valentinov, quoted in Schapiro, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, p. 381.
10. Anton Ciliga, The Russian Enigma (London, 1940), p. 75.
11. Ibid., p. 85.
12. Arthur Koestler, Arrow in the Blue (London, 1945), vol. 2, p. 155.
13. Ciliga, Russian Enigma, p. 255.
14. Pravda, 15 December 1923.
15. Pravda, 18 January 1924.
16. Abramovitch, Soviet Revolution, p. 288.
17. XIV s”ezd Vsesoyuznoy kommunisticheskoy partii (b). Stenograficheskii otchet (Moscow, 1926).
18. See Souvarine, Stalin, p. 459.
19. Ibid., p. 440.
20. See Schapiro, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, pp. 294–95.
21. Angelica Balabanoff, Impressions of Lenin (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1964).
22. Zinoviev Trial, p. 133.
23. Pravda, 16 June 1933.
24. “Letter of an Old Bolshevik,” in Nicolaevsky, Power and the Soviet Elite, pp. 54–55•
25. Eugenia Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind (New York, 1967), pp. 105–6.
26. Nedelya, 11–17 July 1988.
27. Arthur Koestler, Darkness at Noon (London, 1940), p. 242.
28. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 86.
29. Ibid.
30. A. Tairov, before the French “Commission Rogatoire,” cited in Dewey Commission, Not Guilty (New York, 1937), p. 370.
31. Koestler, Darkness at Noon, p. 183.
32. Bukharin Trial, pp. 777–78.
33. Alexander Orlov, The Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes (New York, 1953), pp. 117–118.
34. Victor Serge, From Lenin to Stalin (London, 1937), p. 145.
35. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, pp. 145–46.
36. Ibid., p. 149.
37. Ciliga, Russian Enigma, p. 283.
38. Nedelya, 11–17 July 1988.
39. Pyatakov Trial, p. 204.