40. Nikita Khrushchev, concluding remarks to the XXIInd Party Congress.
41. Neva, no. 10 (1988).
42. Nikita Khrushchev, Secret Speech.
43. Podem, December 1988.
44. Trud, 26 May 1988.
45. Victor Kravchenko, I Chose Justice (London, 1951), pp. 252–54.
46. Ibid., p. 169.
47. Ibid., p. 154.
48. Elizabeth Lermolo, Face of a Victim (New York, 1955), p. 44.
49. Kravchenko, I Chose Justice, pp. 169–70.
50. G. A. Tokaev, Betrayal of an Ideal (London, 1954), pp. 264–66.
51. For example, Margarete [Buberl Neumann, Under Two Dictators (London, 1949), p. 41; R. V. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs (London, 1965), p. 222; The Dark Side of the Moon (London, 1946); Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 97.
52. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, p. 240.
53. Ibid., p. 253.
54. Ibid., p. 246; Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, pp. 118, 122; Kravchenko, I Chose Justice, pp. 274–75.
55. Ibid., p. 253.
56. Moscow News, 19 June 1988.
57. Khrushchev, Secret Speech.
58. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 5 (1989).
59. A. V. Gorbatov, Years Off My Life (New York, 1964), p. 113.
60. Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge, rev. ed. (New York, 1989), p. 493; IvanovRazumnik, Memoirs, p. 250.
61. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, pp. 248–49.
62. Medvedev, Let History Judge, rev. ed., p. 187.
63. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 4 (1989).
64. Literaturnaya gazeta, 23 November 1988.
65. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 3 (March 1965).
66. Alexander Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence (London, 1952), p. 236.
67. Antoni Ekart, Vanished Without a Trace (London, 1954), p. 175.
68. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, pp. 69–72.
69. Moscow News, no. 19 (1988).
70. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, pp. 53–54.
71. Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence, pp. 163–64.
72. Ibid., p. 297.
73. Ibid., pp. 386–87.
74. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 71.
75. El Campesino, Listen, Comrades (London, 1952), p. 132; and see Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle (London, 1968), p. 150.
76. Z. Stypulkowski, Invitation to Moscow (London, 1951), chaps. 12–14.
77. Artur London, L'Aveu (Paris, 1969).
78. Evzen [Eugen] Loebl and Dusan Pokorny, Die Revolution Rehabilitiert Ihre Kinder (Vienna, 1968); and see Michael Charlton, The Eagle and the Small Birds (Chicago, 1984), pp. 82–83.
79. Moscow News, no. 18 (1988).
80. Charlton, Eagle and the Small Birds, p. 84.
81. Ciliga, Russian Enigma, p. 154.
82. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 54.
83. Stypulkowski, Invitation to Moscow, p. 242.
84. Medvedev, Let History Judge, rev. ed., pp. 15, 490.
85. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 4 (1989).
86. Arthur Koestler, Introduction to Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence, pp. xi–xii.
87. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, pp. 284–90.
88. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, p. 250; Medvedev, Let History Judge, rev. ed., p. 493.
89. Nova mysl, no. 7 (10 July 1968).
90. Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence, p. 415.
91. Ibid., pp. 352–55.
92. Novaya zhizn’, 8 June 1918, cited in J. E. Scott, “The Cheka,” Soviet Affairs, no. 1 (1956), p. 8.
93. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 3 (March 1965).
94. Kravchenko, I Chose Justice, pp. 169–72.
Chapter 6: Last Stand
1. “Letter of an Old Bolshevik,” in Boris I. Nicolaevsky, Power and the Soviet Elite (New York, 1965), p. 26.
2. Pyatakov Trial, pp. 202, 214.
3. Ibid., p. 561.
4. Sovetskaya industriya, 10 June 1988; Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 9 (1989).
5. Pyatakov Trial, p. 167.
6. Pravda, 1 September 1936.
7. Oktyabr’, no. 12 (1988).
8. Znamya, no. 12 (1988); Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 5 (1989).
9. “Letter of an Old Bolshevik,” p. 63.
10. Pyatakov Trial, p. 17.
11. Bukharin Trial, p. 125.
12. Roy Medvedev, Nikolai Bukharin (New York, 1980), p. 131.
13. Ibid.
14. Pravda, 9 October 1988; Voprosy istorii, no. 10 (1988).
15. Nikita Khrushchev, Secret Speech; Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 9 (1989).
16. “Letter of an Old Bolshevik,” p. 64.
17. Alexander Orlov, The Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes (New York, 1953), p. 143.
18. Bukharin Trial, p. 556.
19. Simon Wolin and Robert M. Slusser, The Soviet Secret Police (New York, 1957), p. 45.
20. Bukharin Trial, p. 553.
21. G. A. Tokaev, Betrayal of an Ideal (London, 1954), pp. 249–50.
22. “Letter of an Old Bolshevik,” p. 63.
23. Khrushchev, Secret Speech.
24. Literaturnaya gazeta, 29 June 1988.
25. Bukharin Trial, p. 281.
26. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, nos. 5–6 (1989).
27. Sotsialisticheskaya industriya, 10 June 1988.
28. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 180.
29. Znamya, no. 12 (1988).
30. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 206.
31. Pyatakov Trial, p. 134.
32. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 205.
33. Pierre Broué, Le Procès de Moscou (Paris, 1964), p. 276.
34. Alexander Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence (London, 1952), p. 56.
35. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 9 (1989).
36. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 3 (March 1965).
37. Pyatakov Trial, p. 287.
38. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 182.
39. Victor Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom (London, 1947), p. 331.
40. Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence, p. 232.
41. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, pp. 329–330.
42. Pyatakov Trial, p. 257.
43. Ibid., p. 537.
44. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 183.
45. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago (New York, 1973), vol. 1, p. 415.
46. Medvedev, Nikolai Bukharin, p. 130.
47. Stalin, speech to the February-March plenum of the Central Committee, 5 March 1937.
48. Pravda, 29 May 1937.
49. G. Maryagin, Postyshev (Moscow, 1965), p. 291.