50. Veljko Micunović, Moscow Diary (New York, 1986), p. 28.
51. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 5 (1989).
52. Znamya, no. 12 (1988).
53. Solzhenitsyn, Gulag Archipelago, vol. 1, p. 416; Anton Antonov-Ovseenko, The Time of Stalin (New York, 1981), p. 618; Medvedev, Nikolai Bukharin, pp. 131–32; Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 5 (1989).
54. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 9 (1989).
55. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 207.
56. Ibid., p. 350.
57. Znamya, no. 12 (1988); Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 5 (1989).
58. Znamya, no. 12 (1988).
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. Teatr, no. 7 (1988).
63. Resolutions of the Congress of the Communist Party of the Ukraine (Pravda, 13 June 1937).
64. Visti, 1 June 1937.
65. Moscow News, no. 26 (1988); Mazoji Lietuviskoji Tarybine Enciklpedija; Bor shaya sovetskaya entsyklopediya, 3rd ed. (Moscow, 1970–78).
66. Pyatakov Trial, p. 40.
67. Alexander Barmine, One Who Survived (New York, 1945), p. 295.
68. For example, Pravda, 12 September 1936.
69. Stalin, speech to the February-March plenum of the Central Committee, 3 March 1937.
70. Pyatakov Trial, p. 7.
71. Ibid., p. 14.
72. Ibid., p. 43.
73. Ibid., p. 48.
74. Ibid., p. 49.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid., p. 25.
77. Ibid., p. 413.
78. Ibid., p. 69.
79. Ibid., pp. 58ff.
80. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 191.
81. Pyatakov Trial, p. 443.
82. Ibid., p. 85.
83. Ibid., p. 125.
84. Ibid.
85. Ibid., p. 127.
86. Ibid., p. 129.
87. Ibid., p. 135.
88. Ibid., p. 105.
89. Ibid., p. 160.
90. Sotsialisticheskaya industriya, 10 June 1988.
91. Pyatakov Trial, p. 209.
92. Ibid., p. 210.
93. Ibid., p. 245.
94. Ibid., p. 257.
95. Ibid., p. 258.
96. Ibid., p. 283.
97. Ibid., p. 280.
98. Ibid., p. 288.
99. Ibid., p. 248.
100. Ibid., p. 271.
101. Ibid., p. 272.
102. Ibid., p. 229.
103. Ibid., p. 226.
104. Ibid., p. 222.
105. N. M. Shvernik, speech to the XXIInd Party Congress (Pravda, 26 October 1961).
106. Pyatakov Trial, p. 222.
107. Ibid., p. 511.
108. Ibid., p. 475.
109. Ibid., pp. 303–33.
110. Ibid., pp. 566–67.
111. Ibid., p. 569.
112. Ibid., p. 367.
113. Ibid., p. 368.
114. Ibid., p. 365.
115. Ibid., pp. 371–72, 378.
116. Ibid., p. 412.
117. Ibid., p. 463.
118. Ibid., p. 466.
119. Ibid., p. 480.
120. Ibid., p. 494.
121. Ibid., p. 474.
122. Ibid., p. 468.
123. Ibid., p. 514.
124. Ibid., p. 476–77.
125. Ibid., p. 489.
126. Ibid., p. 207.
127. Ibid., p. 170.
128. Ibid., p. 502.
129. Ibid., p. 512.
130. Ibid., p. 517.
131. Ibid., p. 481.
132. Ibid., p. 516.
133. Ibid., p. 517.
134. Ibid., p. 541.
135. Ibid., p. 548.
136. Ibid., p. 543.
137. Elisabeth K. Poretsky, Our Own People (London, 1969), p. 198.
138. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 212.
139. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 7 (1989); V. Petrov and E. Petrov, Empire of Fear (London, 1956), p. 69; Gustaw Herling, A World Apart (London, 1951).
140. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 9 (1989).
141. Wolin and Slusser, Soviet Secret Police, p. 194.
142. Elizabeth Lermolo, Face of a Victim (New York, 1955), pp. 134–35.
143. Knizhnoe obozrenie, 4 November 1988.
144. Khrushchev, speech of 8 March 1963.
145. Pyatakov Trial, p. 545.
146. Ibid., p. 514.
147. Ibid., p. 353.
148. Pravda, 29 January 1937.
149. Pravda, 31 January 1937.
150. Neva, no. 6 (1988), p. 69.
151. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 239.
152. Pyatakov Trial, p. 510.
153. Izvestiya, 22 November 1963; samizdat manuscript; Literaturnaya Rossiya, May 1989.
154. Robert Conquest, Power and Policy in the U.S.S.R. (London, 1961), pp. 449–53.
155. Izvestiya, 22 November 1963; I. M. Dubinsky-Mulchadze, Ordzhonikidze (Moscow, 1963), p. 6.
156. Literaturnaya gazeta, 7 September 1988.
157. Izvestiya, 22 November 1963; Dubinsky-Mukhadze, Ordzhonikidze, p. 6.
158. Literaturnaya gazeta, 7 September 1988.
159. Izvestiya, 22 November 1963; Dubinsky-Mukhadze, Ordzhonikidze, p. 6.
160. Pravda, 19 February 1937.
161. Dubinsky-Mukhadze, Ordzhonikidze, p. 7.
162. Pravda, 19 February 1937.
163. Be shaya sovetskaya entsyklopediya, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 1949–58), s.v. “Ordzhonikidze.”
164. Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge (New York, 1971), p. 194.
165. Na rubezhe, nos. 3–4 (1952).
166. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 240.
167. Khrushchev, speech to the XXIInd Party Congress.
168. Bakinskiy rabochiy, 17 June 1962.
169. Eugenia Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind (New York, 1967), p. 73.
170. Pravda, 17 November 1964.
171. For example, Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, pp. 196–98.
172. Khrushchev, speech to the XXIInd Party Congress.
173. Private interview with author.
174. Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov, Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party (London, 1959), p. 229.
175. Neva, no. 6 (1988).
176. Izvestiya, 22 November 1963.
177. Medvedev, Nikolai Bukharin, p. 134; Nedelya, no. 12 (1988).
178. Komsomolskaya pravda, 2 April 1988.
179. Neva, no. 6 (1988), p. 69.
180. Komsomolskaya pravda, 2 April 1988.
181. Zinoviev Trial, p. 162.
182. Gorizont, no. 5 (1988), p. 36.
183. Pravda, 19 February 1937.
184. Bol’ shaya sovetskaya entsyklopediya, 2nd ed., vol. 31.
185. Samizdat manuscript.
186. Znamya, no. 12 (1988).
187. P. I. Yakir and Ya. A. Geller, Komandarm Yakir (Moscow, 1963), p. 211.
188. Khrushchev, Secret Speech.
189. Satyukov, speech to the XXIInd Party Congress.
190. Sovetskaya kur tura, 13 September 1988; Znamya, no. 12 (1988).
191. Znamya, no. 12 (1988).
192. Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 2 (1989).
193. Khrushchev, in Pravda, 17 March 1937.