194. Ilcramov, quoted in Bukharin Trial, p. 349.
195. Avtorkhanov, Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party, p. 118.
196. Kommunist, no. 13 (1988).
197. Walter G. Krivitsky, In Stalin’s Secret Service (London, 1939), p. 228.
198. Yunost’, no. 3 (1988), p. 60.
199. Kommunist, no. 13 (1988).
200. Ibid.
201. Oktyabr’, no. 12 (1988); Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 5 (1989).
202. Znamya, no. 12 (1988).
203. Pravda, 6 March 1937.
204. Visti, 1 February 1937.
205. Pravda, 8 February 1937.
206. Pravda, 9 February 1937.
207. Khrushchev, Secret Speech.
208. Ibid.
209. Ibid.
210. Hrihory Kostiuk, “The Fall of Postyshev,” Research Program on the U.S.S.R., no. 6a (1954), in Stalinist Rule in the Ukraine (Munich, 1960), pp. 118–22.
211. Oktyabr’, no. 12 (1988).
212. Khrushchev, Secret Speech.
213. Krivitsky, In Stalin’s Secret Service, p. 228.
214. Znamya, no. 12 (1988).
215. Oktyabr’, no. 12 (1988).
216. Shvernik, speech to the XXIInd Party Congress (Pravda, 26 October 1961).
217. W. P. Coates and Zelda K. Coates, comps., The Moscow Trial (London, 1937), p. 249.
218. Ibid., p. 253.
219. Ibid., p. 205.
220. Quoted by Vyshinsky, in Bukharin Trial, p. 626.
221. Coates and Coates, Moscow Trial, pp. 275–76.
222. Ibid., p. 277.
223. Ibid., p. 279.
224. Visti, 17 March 1937.
225. Report of the January plenum of the Central Committee (Pravda, 19 January 1938).
226. Pravda, 23 March 1937.
227. Pravda, 29 May 1937.
228. Pravda, 30 May 1987.
229. Visti, 2 June 1937.
230. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 221.
231. Ibid.
232. Krivitsky, In Stalin’s Secret Service, p. 167.
233. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 222.
234. Bukharin Trial, p. 482.
235. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 225.
236. Literaturnaya gazeta, no. 4 (1987).
237. Bukharin Trial, p. 569.
238. Ibid., p. 571.
239. Ibid., p. 556.
240. Pravda, 4 April 1937.
241. Pravda, 5 April 1937.
242. Znamya, no. 12 (1988).
243. Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Permanent Purge (Cambridge, Mass., 1956), p. 229.
244. Svetlana Alliluyeva, Only One Year (New York, 1969), p. 388.
245. Sovetskoye gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 3 (March 1965).
246. Sotsialisticheskaya zakonnost’, no. 1 (1938).
247. Pravda, 20 January 1937.
248. Pravda, 9 April 1937.
249. Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 9 (1965).
Chapter 7: Assault on the Army
1. Pravda, 11 June 1937.
2. Pravda, 15 June 1937.
3. John Erickson, The Soviet High Command (London, 1962), p. 58.
4. Robert S. Sullivant, Soviet Politics and the Ukraine, 1917–1957 (New York, 1963), p. 342.
5. Erickson, Soviet High Command, p. 51.
6. Ibid., p. 99.
7. Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Unarmed (London, 1959), p. 350.
8. Izvestiya, 24–30 January 1963; N. I. Koritskiy et al., Marshal Tukhachevskiy (Moscow, 1965).
9. Bukharin Trial, p. 188.
10. P. Deriabin and F. Gibney, The Secret World (London, 1960), pp. 110–11.
11. Isaac Deutscher, Stalin (London, 1949), p. 379.
12. F. Beck and W. Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession (London, 1951), p. 95.
13. Ibid., p. 253.
14. Ibid., p. 256.
15. Ibid., p. 71.
16. Alexander Orlov, The Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes (New York, 1953), p. 242.
17. Walter G. Krivitsky, In Stalin’s Secret Service (London, 1939), p. 7.
18. I. V. Dubinskiy, Naperekor vetram (Moscow, 1964), pp. 243ff.
19. Zinoviev Trial, pp. 34, 41.
20. Vassili Grossman, In the Town of Berdichev.
21. Alexander Barmine, One Who Survived (New York, 1945), pp. 89–90.
22. Zinoviev Trial, p. 36.
23. Dubinskiy, Naperekor vetram.
24. Pravda, 23 August 1936.
25. Pyatakov Trial, p. 181.
26. Ibid., p. 94.
27. Dubinskiy, Naperekor vetram; Voenno-istoricheskiy zhurnal, no. 6 (1965).
28. Dubinskiy, Naperekor vetram.
29. Zinoviev Trial, p. 116.
30. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 5 (1989).
31. Barmine, One Who Survived, p. 311.
32. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 4 (1989).
33. Ibid.
34. Erickson, Soviet High Command, pp. 376–77.
35. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 4 (1989).
36. Zinoviev Trial, p. 22.
37. Dubinskiy, Naperekor vetram.
38. Erickson, Soviet High Command, p. 427; Znamya, no. 12 (1988).
39. Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov, Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party (London, 1959), p. 48.
40. Pyatakov Trial, p. 146.
41. Krivitsky, In Stalin’s Secret Service, p. 239.
42. P. I. Yakir and Ya. A. Geller, Komandarm Yakir (Moscow, 1963), pp. 207ff.
43. Ibid., p. 212.
44. Yu. P. Petrov, Partiynoe stroitel’ stvo v sovetskoy armii i flote (1918–1961) (Moscow, 1964), p. 299.
45. Ibid.
46. Yakir and Geller, Komandarm Yakir, p. 212.
47. Krivitsky, In Stalin’s Secret Service, pp. 250–51; Barmine, One Who Survived, P. 7.
48. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 4 (1989).
49. Koritskiy et al., Marshal Tukhachevskiy, pp. 219ff.
50. Petrov, Partiynoe stroitel’ stvo v sovetskoy armii i flote, p. 303.
51. Dubinskiy, Naperekor vetram.
52. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 4 (1989).
53. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 6 (1989).
54. Ibid.
55. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 4 (1989).
56. Ibid.
57. Pravda, 29 April 1988.
58. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 6 (1989).
59. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 4 (1989).
60. Pravda, 29 April 1988.
61. W. Schellenberg, The Schellenberg Memoirs (London, 1956), p. 49.
62. See O. Pyatnitsky, speech to the XIIth plenum of the Executive Committee of the Comintern.
63. Novyy mir, no. 4 (1964).
64. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 198.