178. Pravda, 21 December 1937.
179. Oktyabr’, no. 12 (1988).
180. Pamyat’, no. 3 (1980), p. 404.
181. Pravda, 19 January 1938.
182. Kommunisticheskaya partiya Sovetskogo soyuza v rezolyutsiyakh i resheniyakh s”ezdov konferentsii i plenumov TsK, 7th ed. (Moscow, 1953), vol. 2.
183. Maryagin, Postyshev, p. 298.
184. Oktyabr’, no. 12 (1988).
185. Radio Moscow, 8 February 1964.
186. Peter Yakir, “Letter to the Editor of Kommunist,” 2 March 1969, translated in Survey, nos. 70–71 (1969).
187. Pyatakov Trial, p. 207.
188. Stanislav Vinkentiyovich Kossior (in Ukrainian) (Kiev, 1963), p. 173.
189. Pravda, 28 January 1938.
190. Pervaya sessiia Verkhovnogo soveta SSSR (Moscow, 1938).
191. Yu. P. Petrov, Partiynoe stroitel’ stvo v Sovetskoy armii i flote (1918–1961) (Moscow, 1964), pp. 299–300.
192. Kommunisticheskaya partiya Sovetskogo soyuza v rezolyutsiyakh i resheniyakh s”ezdov konferentsii i plenumov TsK, 7th ed. (Moscow, 1954–60), vol. 2, p. 851.
193. Trud, 6 July 1988.
194. Roy Medvedev, On Stalin and Stalinism (Oxford, 1979), p. 217; Izvestiya, 11 August 1987.
195. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, p. 313.
196. See Souvarine, Stalin, p. 575.
197. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, p. 313.
198. Izvestiya, 11 August 1987.
Chapter 9: Nations in Torment
1. Nedelya, no. 5 (1988).
2. Argumenty i fakty, 13–19 February 1988.
3. Daily Mail, 24 October 1958.
4. Ilya Ehrenburg, in Novyy mir, no. 5 (1962).
5. Victor Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom (London, 1947), p. 211.
6. Novyy mir, no. 9 (1961).
7. Moskva, no. 4 (1965).
8. Bilshovik Ukrainy, no. 1 (1938), p. 53.
9. Visti, 23 May 1938.
10. Visti, 17 June 1938.
11. Visti, 14 February 1938.
12. XVIII s”ezd, 10–21 marta 1939 g. Stenograficheskiy otchet (Moscow, 1939).
13. F. Beck and W. Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession (London, 1951), pp. 166–71.
14. Ibid., p. 143.
15. Ibid., pp. 174–79.
16. Ogonek, no. 20 (1988).
17. Sovetskaya Byelorossiya, 3 March 1989.
18. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 448.
19. Alexander Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence (London, 1952), p. 364.
20. Moscow News, no. 42 (1988).
21. Ilya Ehrenburg, Men, Years, Life (New York, 1961), vol. 4, p. 45.
22. Krug, no. 574, p. 45.
23. Ilya Ehrenburg, in Novyy mir, no. 4 (1962).
24. Nikita Khrushchev, Secret Speech.
25. Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Permanent Purge (Cambridge, Mass., 1956), p. 205.
26. Bukharin Trial, p. 335.
27. See, for example, Lithuanian Bulletin (New York, 1945–50), vols. 3–8.
28. Report of the Credentials Commission to the XIXth Party Congress (Pravda, 9 October 1952).
29. Order no. 001233, quoted in Lithuanian Bulletin; see also Order no. 0054 of Lithuanian NKVD Commissar Gusevitius, in The Dark Side of the Moon (London, 1946), pp. 50–51.
30. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 213.
31. Yunost’, no. 3 (1988).
32. Eugenia Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind (New York, 1967), p. 137.
33. Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge (New York, 1971), p. 234.
34. Trud, 7 January 1989
35. Sovetskaya Moldaviya, 20 April 1989.
36. Argumenty i fakty, no. 18 (September 1988).
37. Nedelya, 1 February 1988.
38. Ehrenburg, Men, Years, Life, vol. 4, pp. 193ff.
39. Louis Fischer, Men and Politics (London, 1941), p. 409.
40. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, pp. 88–89.
41. John A. Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism (New York, 1963), p. 274.
42. A. T. Stuchenko, Zavidnaya nasha sudba (Moscow, 1964), p. 65.
43. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 387.
44. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 88; and see Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 25.
45. Antoni Ekart, Vanished Without a Trace (London, 1954), p. 283.
46. Ivan Stadniuk, “People Are Not Angels,” Neva, no. 12 (1962).
47. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 3 (March 1965).
48. Nicholas Prychodko, One of the Fifteen Million (Boston, 1952), p. 83.
49. Anton Antonov-Ovseenko, The Time of Stalin (New York, 1981), p. 164–66.
50. Tikhookeanskaya zvezda, 9 May 1937.
51. Sotsialistik Kazakhstan, 23 November 1937.
52. Kizil Uzbekistan, 11 November 1937.
53. Sovetskaya Kirghizia, 11 January 1938.
54. Kizil Uzbekistan, 17 January 1938.
55. Abudurakhman Avtorkhanov, The Reign of Stalin (London, 1953), pp. 140ff, and Narodoubistvo v SSSR (Munich, 1952), passim.
56. A. V. Gorbatov, Years Off My Life (New York, 1964), p. 108.
57. Harijs Heislers, “The Unfinished Story,” Zvaigzne, no. 23 (December 1956).
58. Bo1’ shaya sovetskaya entsyklopediya, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 1949–58).
59. Victor Kravchenko, I Chose Justice (London, 1951), p. 175.
60. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 132.
61. Moscow News, no. 39 (1988).
62. Sovetskaya Byelorossiya, 12 October 1988.
63. Margarete [Buber] Neumann, Under Two Dictators (London, 1949), p. 10.
64. Novyy mir, no. 12 (1961).
65. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 192.
66. Ibid., pp. 192–94.
67. Gorbatov, Years Off My Life, p.113.
68. See, for example, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle (London, 1968), pp. 155, 215–16.
69. R. V. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs (London, 1965), p. 209.
70. For example, Neumann, Under Two Dictators, p. 32.
71. Eleanor Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps (London, 1951), p. 57.
72. Prostor, no. 1 (1989).
73. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, p. 349.
74. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 291.
75. Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence, p. 89.
76. Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge, rev. ed. (New York, 1989), p. 503.
77. Radians’ka Ukraina, 26 October 1988.