168. I. M. Dubinsky-Mukhadze, Ordzhonikidze (Moscow, 1963), p. 5.
169. Pravda, 8 June 1937.
170. Gol’dshtein, Tochka opory.
171. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 268.
172. Gol’dshtein, Tochka opory, p. 71.
173. Bukharin Trial, p. 590.
174. Ibid., p. 591.
175. Ibid., pp. 596–97.
176. Ibid., p. 608.
177. Ibid., p. 609.
178. Anton Antonov-Ovseenko, The Time of Stalin (New York, 1981), p. 330.
179. Gustaw Herling, A World Apart (London, 1951), appendix.
180. Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 6 (1988).
181. Znamya, no. 11 (1988).
182. Bukharin Trial, p. 684.
183. Sotsialisticheskiy vestnik, no. 6 (June 1954).
184. Isaac Don Levine, I Rediscover Russia (New York, 1964), p. 175.
185. Bukharin Trial, pp. 622–23.
186. Maclean, Eastern Approaches, p. 107.
187. Bukharin Trial, p. 625.
188. Ibid., p. 626.
189. Ibid., p. 631.
190. Ibid., p. 676.
191. Ibid., p. 664.
192. Ibid., p. 679.
193. Ibid., p. 694.
194. Ibid., p. 697.
195. Ibid., p. 728.
196. Ibid., p. 734.
197. Ibid., p. 736.
198. Ibid., p. 737–38.
199. Ibid., p. 738.
200. Ibid., p. 739.
201. Ibid., pp. 740–41.
202. Ibid., p. 758.
203. Medvedev, in New Left Review.
204. V. Petrov and E. Petrov, Empire of Fear (London, 1956), p. 46.
205. Bukharin Trial, p. 786.
206. Ibid., p. 782.
207. Ibid., p. 769.
208. Maclean, Eastern Approaches, p. 110.
209. Bukharin Trial, p. 769.
210. Ibid., p. 770.
211. Ibid., p. 771.
212. Ibid., p. 774.
213. Ibid., p. 778.
214. Ibid., p. 779.
215. Literaturnaya gazeta, 15 June 1988.
216. Victor Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom (London, 1947), p. 283.
217. Politika, 21 May 1965.
218. Conference of Historians, 1962, p. 298.
219. Roy Medvedev, Nikolai Bukharin (New York, 1980), p. 164.
220. Literaturnaya gazeta, 23 November 1988; Znamya, no. 11 (1988).
221. Moscow News, no. 40 (1988).
222. Moscow News, no. 11 (1988).
223. Znamya, no. 10 (1988).
224. Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Permanent Purge (Cambridge, Mass., 1956), p. 229; Elizabeth Lermolo, Face of a Victim (New York, 1955), p. 207.
225. Eleanor Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps (London, 1951), p. 15.
226. Eugenia Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind (New York, 1967), pp. 114–15; Maroosha Fischer, My Lives in Russia (New York, 1944), p. 237; Voprosy istorii, no. 9 (1988).
227. Teatr, no. 7 (1988).
228. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 283.
229. Znamya, no. 11 (1988).
230. XVIII s”ezd, 10–21 marta 1939 g. Stenograficheskiy otchet (Moscow, 1939), p. 26.
231. Bukharin Trial, p. 87.
232. For example, ibid., pp. 80, 185–86, 235.
233. For example, ibid., pp. 182–83, 201, 293–94, 303, 314, 318–19.
234. For example, ibid., pp. 71, 80.
Chapter 13: The Foreign Element
1. Ignazio Silone, in The God That Failed, ed. Richard H. Crossman (London, 1950), pp. 109ff.
2. Anton Ciliga, The Russian Enigma (London, 1940), p. 61.
3. Conference of Historians, 1962, p. 69; Kommunist, no. 10 (1963).
4. Conference of Historians, 1962, p. 286.
5. Osteuropa, no. 8 (1958), p. 33.
6. Arvo Tuominen (former Secretary-General of the Finnish Communist Party), Kremls Klockor (Helsinki, 1958), p. 210 (quoted in Milorad M. Drachkovitch and Branko Lazitch, eds., The Comintern-Historical Highlights [New York, 19661, p. 161).
7. Margarete [Buber] Neumann, Under Two Dictators (London, 1949), p. 8.
8. Arthur Koestler, Arrow in the Blue (London, 1945), vol. 2, p. 209.
9. Neumann, Under Two Dictators, p. 5.
10. Ibid., p. 23.
11. Ibid., p. 168.
12. Ibid., p. 143.
13. Herbert Wehner, Erinnerungen (Bonn, 1957), p. 160.
14. Elisabeth K. Poretsky, Our Own People (London, 1969), p. 181.
15. Neumann, Under Two Dictators, p. 171.
16. F. Beck and W. Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession (London, 1951), p. 108; Beiträge zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung 1 (1969).
17. A. Kuusinen, The Rings of Destiny (New York, 1974), pp. 156–57.
18. Neumann, Under Two Dictators, p. 55.
19. Ibid., p. 53.
20. Eugenia Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind (New York, 1967), p. 118.
21. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 109.
22. Ibid.
23. R. V. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs (London, 1965), p. 307.
24. Koestler, Arrow in the Blue, vol. 2, p. 407; Ruth Fischer, Stalin and German Communism (London, 1948).
25. Gustaw Herling, A World Apart (London, 1951), p. 62.
26. Alexander Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence (London, 1952), pp. 487–89.
27. Moscow News, no. 48 (1988).
28. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 76.
29. Victor Serge, Memoirs of a Revolutionary, 1901–1941 (London, 1963), p. 187.
30. Arvo Tuominen, in Uusi Kavalehti, nos. 10–13 (22 June 1956), and The Bells of the Kremlin (London, 1983), pp. 221–23; Ogonek, no. 45 (1988).
31. Kun Béláné, Kun Bela (Budapest, 1966), pp. 489–90. (The date of his arrest is here given as the end of June, which conflicts with other accounts.)
32. Ciliga, Russian Enigma, p. 253.
33. Walter G. Krivitsky, In Stalin’s Secret Service (London, 1939), p. 217.
34. Ibid., p. 219; Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 3 (1989).
35. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, p. 315.
36. Hungarian News Agency, 10 February 1989.
37. Small Polish Encyclopedia (Warsaw, 1958).
38. Kun Béláné, Kun Bela.
39. Eleanor Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps (London, 1951), p. 16.
40. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, p. 315.
41. Renato Mieli, Togliatti 1937 (Milan, 1964); Guelfa Zaccaria, 200 Communiste Italiani tra le vittime dello Stalinismo (Milan, 1964).
42. Paoli Robotti, speech to the Central Committee of the Italian Communist Party, December 1961.
43. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, pp. 169–70.
44. Tito, speech to the Central Committee of the Yugoslav Communist League, 19 April 1954 (Borba, 20 April 1969); speech to the IXth Party Congress, 11 March 1969; and see Kommunist (Belgrade), 3 April 1969.