44. Raskolnikov, open letter to Stalin, 17 August 1939 (Samizdat I [Paris, 1969], p. 97).
45. S. Pavlov, speech to the November 1962 plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
46. Izvestiya, 14 November 1963.
47. Popov, Ot Layptsigskiya protses v Sibirskie lageri, p. 3.
48. Komsomolskaya znamya, 21 October 1988.
49. Merle Fainsod, How Russia Is Ruled, 2nd ed. (London, 1963), pp. 423–25.
50. Shkiryatov and Poskrebyshev, speeches to the XVIIIth Party Congress; Isvestiya, 14 November 1963; Pravda, 14 November 1963; Aleksandr Kosarev (Moscow, 1963), pp. 111–12.
51. See Armstrong, Politics of Totalitarianism, p. 75.
52. Dr. S. Ploss, in Problems of Communism, September-October 1958.
53. Moskovskii komsomolets, 8 June 1988; Komsomolskaya znamya, 21 October 1988.
54. Moskovskii komsomolets, 8 June 1988.
55. Admiral N. G. Kuznetsov, in Oktyabr’, no. 11 (1964).
56. See E. Wollenberg, The Red Army (London, 1938); Edgar O’Ballance, The Red Army (London, 1964), p. 121.
57. Geoffrey Bailey, The Conspirators (London, 1961), p. 229.
58. Na rubezhe, March 1952.
59. Bailey, Conspirators, p. 229.
60. R. V. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs (London, 1965), p. 311.
61. Kuznetsov, in Oktyabr’.
62. Marshal Rokossovsky, in Krasnaya zvezda, 13 December 1964.
63. Voenno-istoricheskiy zhurnal, no. 12 (1965); Kommunist vooruzhenykh sil, no. 16 (1989).
64. Mekhlis, speech to the XVIIIth Party Congress.
65. On Lyushkov, see Alvin D. Coox, in Soviet Studies, January 1968.
66. John Erickson, The Soviet High Command (London, 1962), p. 494; A. Svetlanin, Dalnevostochniy zagovor (Frankfurt, 1953), pp. 103ff.
67. V. K. Blyukher (Moscow, 1963).
68. Biographical Directory of the USSR (New York, 1958).
69. N. Kondryatsev, Marshal Blyukher (Moscow, 1965).
70. Roy Medvedev, All Stalin’s Men (Garden City, N.Y., 1984), pp. 14–15.
71. Tass, 22 February 1964.
72. Kondryatsev, Marshal Blyukher, p. 292.
73. This account is based on those given in Kondryatsev, Marshal Blyukher, and V. Dushenkin, Ot Soldata do marshala (Moscow, 1961).
74. Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 11 (1964).
75. Dushenkin, Ot Soldata do marshala, p. 223.
76. Oktyabr’, no. 12 (1988).
77. Nedelya, 22–28 February 1988.
78. Antonov-Ovseenko, Time of Stalin, p. 190.
79. F. W. Deakin and G. R. Stony, The Case of Richard Sorge (London, 1966).
80. Pravda, 2 November 1938.
81. Pravda, 16 December 1938.
82. Conquest, Inside Stalin’s Secret Police, pp. 81–84.
83. Pravda, 22 January 1939.
84. Roy Medvedev, On Stalin and Stalinism (Oxford, 1979), pp. 109–16; Alinger Manuscript, Nicolaevsky Archive, Hoover Institution Archives.
85. Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge (New York, 1971), pp. 240–41.
86. Zhigunov interrogation (captured German documents [National Archives, microfilm, T84, roll 287]).
87. Ogonek, no. 7 (1988).
88. Ogonek, no. 18 (1988).
89. See their sponsoring organizations at the XVIIIth Party Congress.
90. A. V. Gorbatov, Years Off My Life (New York, 1964), p. 110.
91. Oktyabr’, no. 12 (1988).
92. Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence, pp. 311–12.
93. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, p. 323; Joseph Berger, Shipwreck of a Generation (London, 1971), p. 37.
94. Oktyabr’, no. 12 (1988).
95. Pravda, 22 October 1938.
96. F. Beck and W. Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession (London, 1951), p. 146.
97. Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence, p. 12; Visti, 29–31 December 1938.
98. Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence, pp. 411–12.
99. Khrushchev, Secret Speech.
100. Ibid.
101. Ibid.
102. Oktyabr’, no. 12 (1988).
103. Sovetskaya molodezh, 13 February 1988.
104. Medvedev, Let History Judge, p. 295.
105. Kuusinen, Rings of Destiny, p. 139.
106. SSSR: Vnutrenie protivorechiya, no. 3 (1982).
107. Kommunist Kazakhstana, no. 8 (1938).
108. Izvestiya, 27 November 1988; Sovetskaya Byelorossiya, 22 January 1989.
109. See Conquest, Inside Stalin’s Secret Police, p. 70.
110. Izvestiya, 12 November 1988.
111. Stanislav Vinkentiyovich Kossior, p. 174; Pravda, 3 April 1964.
112. Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps, p. 16.
113. Peter Yakir, “Letter to the Editor of Kommunist,” 2 March 1969, translated in Survey, nos. 70–71 (1969).
114. Kuusinen, Rings of Destiny, p. 139.
115. Pravda, 3 April 1964.
116. Sovetskaya molodezh, 18 February 1988; Ogonek, no. 7 (1988).
117. F. Bega and V. Aleksandrov, Petrovskiy (Moscow, 1963), p. 315.
118. Izvestiya, 15 September 1966; L. P. Petrovsky, “Letter to the Central Committee of the CPSU,” in For Human Rights (Frankfurt, 1969).
119. Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 2 (1963).
120. Ukrains’ka Radians’ka Entsyklopediya (Kiev, 1959–65).
121. Bega and Aleksandrov, Petrovskiy, p. 304.
122. L. Davydov, comp., U istokov partii (Moscow, 1963).
123. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 132.
124. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, p. 316.
125. Bega and Aleksandrov, Petrovskiy, pp. 304–5.
126. Ibid., pp. 305–6.
127. Compiled by Professor Tibor Szamuely.
128. Medvedev, Let History Judge, p. 295.
129. Pravda, 6 May 1953.
130. Izvestiya, 4 September 1918.
131. Conference of Historians, 1962, p. 260.
132. Jerzy Walenczyk, “Meditations,” Po Prostu, 23 December 1956.
133. Conference of Historians, 1962, p. 260.
134. Antonov-Ovseenko, Time of Stalin, p. 140.
135. Khrushchev, Secret Speech.
136. Roy Medvedev, Fau-il rehabiliter Staline? (Paris, 1969), p. 42; Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989).
137. J. Stalin, Problems of Leninism (Moscow, 1947), p. 625.
138. Khrushchev, Secret Speech.
139. Boris Nicolaevsky, Notes to The Crimes of the Stalin Era (New York, 1956).
140. Pravda, 3 April 1964.